ED Droit
The undivided property, a comparative study between French and Kuwaiti law
by Thmer ALMUTAIRI (INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN DROIT DES AFFAIRES ET DU PATRIMOINE)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle des thèses 16 avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Karl LAFAURIE - Professeur - Université de Limoges - Rapporteur
- Sabine MAZEAUD-LEVENEUR - Professeure - Université Paris-Est Créteil - Rapporteur
- Meshal HAYAT - Professeur associé - Université du Koweit - Examinateur
- Jean-Marie PLAZY - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Stephanie ZEIDENBERG - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Since 2006, joint ownership has undergone significant adjustments. The reforms of the joint ownership regime have naturally given rise to lively doctrinal debates. Some authors maintain that they have contributed to personifying joint ownership in that they have abandoned the rule of unanimity for certain acts, which would bring joint ownership closer to the company. For other authors, these reforms simply aim to facilitate the management of joint property, and have no particular theoretical impact. In any case, it seems that there is a legislative trend, even indirect, towards a personification of joint ownership. The rapprochement would have taken place in two phases: first, the 1976 law established conventional joint ownership, and secondly, the 2006 law completed the movement with new legislative contributions. According to Professor ZENATI-CASTAING, there would thus be a natural tendency of the law to personify all forms of co-ownership, which would make it possible to make them individual properties more in line with the French conception of property law. Indeed, the personification of joint ownership can resolve the problem posed by the principle of exclusivity of the right of ownership between joint owners, since a legal entity would become the exclusive owner. Comparative law. The Napoleonic conquests carried out in Egypt had an impact on Kuwaiti law. Indeed, Egyptian law, which was inspired by the French Civil Code of 1806, strongly influenced Kuwaiti law in the creation of its legal rules. Despite the influence of the Napoleonic Code on Kuwaiti law, manifestations of the personification of joint ownership, including the majority rule that appeared in France in 2006, already existed in Kuwaiti law when civil law was introduced into the state legal system in 1980. But this inclination of Kuwaiti legislation towards a personification of joint ownership has ended. While joint ownership has been the subject of numerous reforms in France that have given it a modern regime, Kuwaiti law relating to joint ownership has, on the contrary, remained stable since the 1980s. The objective of this thesis is therefore to analyze the position of the French legislator and its Kuwaiti counterpart on the issue of the personification of joint ownership. In short, is personification the future of joint ownership?
ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
Dopaminergic modulation of the insular cortex in anxiety-related behaviors and emotional valence
by Yoni COUDERC (Neurocentre Magendie)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Amphithéâtre Broca Centre Broca Nouvelle-Aquitaine 146 rue Léo-Saignat CS 61292 CASE 130 33076 Bordeaux cedex
in front of the jury composed of
- Anna BEYELER - Directrice de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Nicolas TRITSCH - Assistant professor - McGill University - Rapporteur
- Camilla BELLONE - Professeure - Geneva University Neurocenter - Rapporteur
- Philip TOVOTE - Professeur - Institute of Clinical Neurobiology - Examinateur
- Pauline BELUJON - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Poitiers - Examinateur
- François GEORGES - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Anxiety is an adaptive response of individuals exposed to a potentially threatening context. However, anxiety levels can be persistently high independently of the environment and become pathological. Although anxiety disorders represent the most prevalent psychiatric conditions - characterized by chronic high levels of anxiety and an attentional bias towards negative valence - the underlying neurobiology remains poorly understood. Numerous studies in humans and in preclinical models revealed the implication of different neuromodulators including serotonin, norepinephrine, but also dopamine. Imaging studies have shown that the insular cortex (or insula), particularly its anterior region, is hyperactivated in individuals with anxiety disorders in response to salient or negative stimuli. Although dopamine neurotransmission is known to regulate anxiety in humans and animal models, its specific regulatory effects on the anterior insula have remained largely unexplored. This PhD dissertation aims to investigate the role of dopamine transmission in the insular cortex in shaping anxiety and emotional valence in mice. Through a multifaceted approach, this research uncovered how dopamine modulates anterior insula function in anxiety and valence processing at three key levels of analysis. (1) First, we mapped the dopaminergic system of the insular cortex and revealed a high density of neurons expressing type-1 dopamine receptors (D1) in the insula, particularly important in the anterior insula, and seven times greater than the density of neurons expressing type-2 dopamine receptors (D2). Then, we found that pharmacological activation of D1 in the anterior insula is anxiogenic, suggesting a direct link between insular dopamine signaling and anxiety-related behaviors. (2) Using fiber-photometry, we identified that the amplitude of dopamine release onto D1+ neurons in the anterior insula while mice were in anxiogenic spaces or receiving mild foot shocks was both positively correlated with mice level of trait anxiety. (3) Finally, population dynamics and deep-learning analyses of anterior insula single-unit recordings uncovered distinct coding patterns of anxiety-provoking and safe environments, as well as tastants of positive and negative valence. Remarkably, systemic D1 activation, which heightens anxiety-related behaviors, dampens this coding dichotomy by increasing coding variability for protected spaces while increasing the coding specificity for anxiogenic spaces. Interestingly, the coding reliability of anxiogenic areas was positively correlated with mice level of trait anxiety, and we observed a trend towards a positive correlation between the coding reliability of a negative tastants, and mice level of anxiety. Altogether, our findings provide a new model of neural population coding of anxiety and emotional valence and unravel D1-dependent coding mechanisms in the mouse anterior insula.