ED Mathématiques et Informatique
Domain Agnostic Techniques for Scaling Up Program Synthesis
by Théo MATRICON (LaBRI - Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéatre Univeristé de Bordeaux, LaBRI (A11), Amphithéatre 351, cours de la Libération F-33405 Talence cedex
in front of the jury composed of
- Nathanaël FIJALKOW - Chargé de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Sebastijan DUMANCIC - Associate Professor - TU Delft - Rapporteur
- Colin DE LA HIGUERA - Professeur des universités - Université de Nantes - Rapporteur
- Elizabeth POLGREEN - Associate Professor - University of Edinburgh - Examinateur
- Suguman BASAL - Associate Professor - Georgia Institute of Technology - Examinateur
- Nils JANSEN - Professeur des universités - Ruhr-University Bochum - Examinateur
- Jean-Rémi FALLéRY - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Tristan CAZENAVE - Professeur des universités - Université Paris Dauphine - Examinateur
In recent years, the automated synthesis of programs from specifications, a holy grail of computer science, has seen tremendous interest. From developing code, automating proofs, optimisations to automatic discovery, the applications are numerous. In this thesis we focus on program synthesis in the programming by examples framework. We will focus on domain agnostic techniques which leads us to cost-guided search. We describe HeapSearch the first best-first search algorithm with logarithmic delay. Then we investigate whether we can build a constant delay, or no-delay, best-first search algorithm. We answer positively with EcoSearch the first such algorithm and prove it outperforms its competitors in practice. We also look into parallelising the search procedure with sampling algorithms and introduce the optimal best-first search algorithm among sampling algorithms. We also look into splitting the grammar into disjoint grammars in order to easily parallelise the search, and describe such an algorithm. Redundant programs can be eliminated with pruning, most of these redundancies are part of the grammar not the task. Therefore we develop a pre-processing technique enabling to find these redundant programs and compile them, once and for all, in a filter that enables to prune them at runtime. Finally we also look into knowledge powered programs: programs that talk about relational knowledge outside of the grammar. We show there are different difficulty levels for such tasks and describes a solution to solve the first level of difficulty.
Optimizing memory usage when training Deep Neural Networks
by Xunyi ZHAO (LaBRI - Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique)
The defense will take place at 10h30 - Ada Lovelace 200 Av. de la Vieille Tour, 33405 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Olivier BEAUMONT - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Denis BARTHOU - Directeur de recherche - Huawei Paris Research Center - Examinateur
- Thang Kim NGUYEN - Professeur des universités - University of Grenoble - Rapporteur
- Anne BENOIT - Maîtresse de conférences - ENS Lyon - Rapporteur
- Alena SHILOVA - Docteure - Inria Lille - Examinateur
- Aurélien FROGER - Chargé de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has seen remarkable growth in recent years, proving its utility across a wide range of fields including image recognition, nature language processing and autonomous systems. This success is largely driven by access to increasingly large datasets and the development of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with greater complexity and size, allowing AI systems to achieve unprecedented levels of performance. However, the growing scale of tasks presents significant challenges, particularly when it comes to training these massive models on devices with limited memory capacity. Efficiently managing memory during training has become a critical focus to ensure that even resource-constrained systems can handle complex AI tasks. There are several strategies to address memory constraints in neural network training. Memory footprints can be distributed across multiple devices or compressed using specialized algorithms that minimize information loss. This thesis focuses on lossless memory-saving techniques, primarily applied to single-device scenarios. The key approaches include reducing the memory cost of intermediate activations by discarding and recomputing them when required, and managing parameter memory costs by swapping them to larger capacity RAM. We have developed optimization algorithms that integrate these techniques, effectively lowering peak memory usage while maintaining efficient training iteration times. Our solutions are implemented in an open-source framework, tested and compatible with leading AI libraries such as PyTorch, HuggingFace, and DeepSpeed.
Interaction with the boundaries for non linear, non local evolution equations
by Florent NOISETTE (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - conférence 351, cours de la Libération - F 33 405 TALENCE
in front of the jury composed of
- Franck SUEUR - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- David LANNES - Directeur de recherche - IMB - CoDirecteur de these
- Vincent PERROLLAZ - Maître de conférences - Institut Denis Poisson - Rapporteur
- Francesco FANELLI - Chargé de recherche - Institut Camille Jordan - Rapporteur
- Anne-Laure DALIBARD - Professeur - Laboratoire Jacques Louis Lions - Examinateur
- Decoene ASTRID - Professeur - IMB - Examinateur
The main results of my PhD thesis are : • Uniqueness of bounded vorticity solution for the 2D euler equation with sources and sinks • Uniqueness of bounded momentum solution of the CH equation with in and out-flow • An algorythm for the simulation of growth of Micro algae • shape derivative of the Dirichlet to neumann operator on a generic bounded domain • regularity of the Dirichlet to Neumann operator on a generic H^s manifold.
ED Sciences Chimiques
Fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in estuaries: focus on interactions with suspended sediments.
by Chan GAO (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux)
The defense will take place at h00 - 3N22 Bâtiment A12, Université de Bordeaux, 351 Cr de la Libération, 33405 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Pierre LABADIE - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Thomas THIEBAULT - Maître de conférences - Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes - PSL UMR METIS 7619 Sorbonne Université/CNRS/EPHE - Rapporteur
- Anne TOGOLA - Cadre scientifique des EPIC - BRGM (Direction Eau, Environnement, Procédés et Analyses) - Examinateur
- Jörg SCHAFER - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Laure MALLERET - Maîtresse de conférences - LCE - UMR7376 Université d'Aix-Marseille - Faculté des Sciences - Rapporteur
- Hélène BUDZINSKI - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
Per and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are a heterogeneous group of emerging micropollutants. They have persistent and widespread occurrence in the environment due to their strong and stable head-tail structure, and pose many serious environmental issues. In recent years, the fate of PFAS has attracted growing attention. In PFAS cycle, air, water, soil and sediment are different medias involved in complex transport. At the land-sea interface, estuaries are considered as the only channel for PFASs flowing from rivers into the ocean that is the ultimate global sink of PFAS. Complex estuarine conditions affect PFAS behaviour in sediments and determine the final fate of PFAS. Estuaries bear great environmental risk pressure. Thus, studies on the fate of PFAS in estuaries is important. Estuarine sediment is an important reservoir for PFAS, where sorption and desorption occur and control PFAS distribution. In the process, particles play an essential role. On the one hand, river flows bring tremendous amounts of suspended particles that sorb PFAS and finally settle into the estuarine sediments. On the other hand, during tidal cycles, particles resuspend, transport and resettle, desorbing or resorbing PFAS. Particle-water distribution of PFAS is key to study the fate of PFAS in estuaries. Contrasting estuarine salinity and turbidity conditions could influence the particle-water distribution of PFAS through facilitating or hindering sorption/desorption, making the sediment-water interaction of PFAS more complex. Hence, comprehensive studies on particle-water distribution of PFAS under estuarine conditions is significantly important. This work is divided into two parts: 1) determination of the adsorption and desorption kinetics of PFAS, either individually or in mixtures (competition), on a model substrate, kaolinite, and 2) study of the influence of salinity and turbidity on the particle-water distribution of PFAS under estuarine conditions. This research provides important insights for parameterizing PFAS fate models and estimating mass budgets at the land-sea interface.
Combination of sol-gel chemistry and complex fluids towards multiscale porous monolithic catalysts for environmental remediation.
by Elodie LAYAN (Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Amphithêatre 115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Rénal BACKOV - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Thierry TOUPANCE - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Véronique NARDELLO-RATAJ - Professeur des universités - Université de Lille - Rapporteur
- Olivier DIAT - Directeur de recherche - CEA/DRF - Rapporteur
- Avelino CORMA - Professeur des universités - Instituto de Technologia Quimica - Examinateur
- Clément SANCHEZ - Professeur émérite - Sorbonne Université/CNRS - Examinateur
- Rodolphe CLéRAC - Directeur de recherche - CNRS - Examinateur
Hierarchical porous architectures attract a great attention because of their unique characteristics with endeavor towards heterogeneous catalysis, air and water treatment, energy storage and conversion and so forth. They offer enhanced mass transport and light harvesting, high surface area and open porosity. When employed as catalyst' supports, these architectures allow increased catalytic activity compared to their analogues bearing monomodal porosity. In particular, combining open macropores (pore size > 50 nm) and mesopores (2 nm < pore size < 50 nm) is regarded as one of the most interesting association. Open macropores favor access to smaller pores trough convection phenomena while mesopores offer high surface areas (offering diffusion). Therefore, we aim at designing novel hierarchical inorganic architectures, bearing multiscale porosity (micro-, meso- and macroprosity), by combining sol-gel chemistry and emulsion templating. In this vein, hierarchically porous silica-based matrices containing co-oxides have been synthetized, characterized and tested towards several catalytic reactions, either in liquid or gas phase. Indeed, on the one hand, when niobium oxide is immobilized onto the silica matrix, Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation can be targeted, while avoiding the use of the super-acids usually employed. On the other hand, by introducing titanium dioxide nanoparticles into the silica matrix through a colloid approach, photocatalysts exhibiting good photo-oxidative properties towards gaseous acetone degradation were obtained. These self-standing materials showed activity and light trapping in volume where the majority of photocatalysts reported so far are only active on their top surface. Finally, by changing the synthetic pathway, self-standing macrocellular aerogels, exhibiting open macroporosity and considerable specific surface areas were prepared thanks to a supercritical CO2 drying procedure.
ED Droit
Article 66 of the Constitution of 4 October 1958.
by Kassandra GONI (CENTRE D'ÉTUDES ET DE RECHERCHES COMPARATIVES SUR LES CONSTITUTIONS, LES LIBERTÉS ET L'ÉTAT)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - 1K 35 place Pey Berland, 33000 Bordeaux.
in front of the jury composed of
- Fabrice HOURQUEBIE - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Anne LEVADE - Professeur des universités - Université Paris I Panthéon Sorbonne - Rapporteur
- Julien BONNET - Professeur des universités - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Jean-Philippe FERREIRA - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Jean-Jacques URVOAS - Professeure des universités - Université de Bretagne-Occidentale - Examinateur
- Chantal ARENS - Ancienne Première présidente de la Cour de cassation - Ancienne Première présidente de la Cour de cassation - Examinateur
Article 66 of the Constitution of 4 October 1958 states that ‘No one may be arbitrarily detained. The judicial authority, guardian of individual freedom, shall ensure respect for this principle under the conditions laid down by law. In a jurisdictional landscape characterised by a duality of jurisdiction, between the judicial authority and the administrative jurisdiction, the Constituents of 1958 considered that only the former had sufficient guarantees of independence to safeguard the right to security and individual liberty. However, the generality of the terms used calls into question the extent of the judicial authority's jurisdiction. The wording of Article 66 raises a number of questions, particularly about how the two paragraphs should be read. Should they be read together, which would be tantamount to considering that personal freedom is synonymous with the right to security enshrined in the first paragraph? Or, on the contrary, should they be read separately, since personal freedom and the right to security do not completely overlap? The answer to these questions will determine the scope of application of Article 66 and hence the extent of the judicial authority's jurisdiction. To this end, an exhaustive analysis of all the decisions of the Constitutional Council relating to personal liberty was carried out. It revealed that the content and conception of individual freedom have evolved. Initially, from 1977 to 1999, the Constitutional Council had an extensive conception of individual liberty, making it the receptacle of the freedom to come and go, the right to respect for private life, the freedom to marry and the inviolability of the home. This extensive content moved Article 66 away from the logic of Habeas corpus, in that it became a standard for enshrining individual freedoms and not just the right to security. However, at the end of the 1990s, the Constitutional Council modified the content of individual liberty by gradually detaching the various individual liberties from Article 66 and from the concept of individual liberty, and then linking them to Articles 2 and/or 4 of the Declaration of 1789 and to personal liberty. It was thus able to specify the content of individual freedom around the right to security, defined as the guarantee against arbitrary deprivation. This change to the content of Article 66 has a retroactive effect on its scope and therefore limits the mandatory intervention of the judicial authority to cases where the right to security has been infringed. As a result, in a jurisdictional context marked by the French concept of the separation of powers, the effect of this development has been to make article 66 a key to the division of litigation concerning individual freedoms: the judicial authority having jurisdiction over litigation concerning infringements of individual freedom; the administrative court having jurisdiction over litigation concerning infringements of personal freedom. This redeployment of the contentious scope of Article 66 calls into question the statutory argument that historically justified the judicial authority's role as guardian of individual liberty. It seems that today there is no longer any significant asymmetry between the guarantees of independence of the two orders of court, so that Article 64 is no longer sufficient to justify the role of the judiciary in guaranteeing individual liberty. There is therefore a discrepancy between the constitutional text and the reality of the courts, which may lead us to consider rewriting Article 66 and Title VIII of the Constitution.
ED Entreprise Economie Société
Men's role in family planning in Africa
by Kokou SEDOUH (COMPTRASEC - Centre de Droit Comparé de Travail et de la Sécurité Sociale)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Salle des thèses bâtiment C1 16 Av. Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac CEDEX
in front of the jury composed of
- Christophe BERGOUIGNAN - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Maryse GAIMARD - Professeur émérite - Université de Bourgogne - Rapporteur
- Didier BRETON - Professeur - Université de Strasbourg - Rapporteur
- Pierre JOLY - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
In Sub-Saharan Africa, family planning plays a crucial role in controlling population growth and improving living conditions. However, men's involvement in this process remains largely underexplored, despite their significant influence in decisions regarding contraceptive use within couples. This thesis seeks to understand how men influence women's contraceptive choices and how these dynamics vary across different social and cultural contexts. By utilizing data from the USAID Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and applying regression models that distinguish the influence of individual and contextual characteristics, this study provides a more refined analysis across different levels of observation. Moreover, it explores family planning through two perspectives: the couple as a homogeneous unit and as a heterogeneous unit, allowing for a better understanding of the complexity of conjugal dynamics. The results show that, although men play an important role in decisions related to contraception, their influence is still lesser compared to that of women. Furthermore, beyond the individual characteristics of partners, the sociocultural context in which couples evolve significantly influences contraceptive practices. This study highlights the importance of cultural factors in contraceptive dynamics and enriches knowledge about the role of men in family planning in Sub-Saharan Africa. It also sheds light on strategic levers to enhance the effectiveness of family planning policies and programs in the region. Keywords: Family planning, Sub-Saharan Africa, Men's role, Contraception, Multilevel models, Gender inequalities, Conjugal dynamics.
The vulnerable classes in Latin America: instability, redistributive expectations, and securization
by Sébastien CARRERE (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - H2-116 Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux Sciences Economiques, Avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac Cedex, France
in front of the jury composed of
- Eric ROUGIER - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Rémi BAZILLIER - Professeur des universités - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - Rapporteur
- Marta MENENDEZ - Maître de conférences - Université Paris Dauphine-PSL - Rapporteur
- Olivier BARGAIN - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Vera CHIODI - Maître de conférences - Université Sorbonne Nouvelle Paris 3 - Examinateur
- Gabriel KESSLER - Full professor - Universidad Nacional de La Plata - Examinateur
- Matthieu CLEMENT - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
Despite the global decline in poverty and the expansion of the middle-income class in developing countries, a large proportion of the world's population remains economically vulnerable, whether due to precarious employment, unstable incomes, or lack of access to social protection mechanisms. This thesis examines the economically vulnerable classes in Latin America, an region which is emblematic of these trends. The first chapter looks at the Argentine middle class from the perspective of the recent crises that have impacted the country. The analysis reveals that the middle class is large but fragmented in terms of employment and education. A substantial proportion of its members remain economically vulnerable, impacted by successive crises. Its members are mainly critical of the lack of state support, the poor quality of public services, and the unfairness of redistribution policies. Building on this observation, the second chapter explores more specifically the role played by territorial anchorage in the redistributive demands of citizens in Latin America, where strong socio-economic inequalities persist. The results show a divide between citizens in major urban centers and those in peripheral areas, with the latter demanding greater redistribution. This chapter shows the importance of considering territorial disparities in the formation of redistributive demands beyond individual characteristics. The third chapter assesses the effectiveness of a conditional cash transfer program in securing the most vulnerable citizens in Argentina. The results reveal the overall effectiveness of the scheme in reducing income instability and preventing a return to poverty. Overall, this thesis highlights the high economic vulnerability of a significant proportion of the Latin American population, and shows the need to develop and strengthen social protection mechanisms not only to secure the most vulnerable, but also to respond to citizens' distrust of politics and institutions, exacerbated by spatial fractures.
ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
PRIORY: DeciPheRIng the role of B cells and tertiary lymphOid structures in patients with canceR treated with immunotherapY
by Florent PEYRAUD (BoRdeaux Institute of onCology)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Salle de conférence - Institut Bergonié Institut Bergonié 229 cours de l'Argonne 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Antoine ITALIANO - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Hélène SALMON - Directrice de recherche - Institut Curie - Examinateur
- Wolf-Herman FRIDMAN - Directeur d'études émérite - Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers - Examinateur
- Benjamin BESSE - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Institut Gustave Roussy - Rapporteur
- Jean-Philippe GIRARD - Directeur de recherche - IBPS-Toulouse - Rapporteur
The effectiveness of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has been linked to the presence of mature tertiary lymphoid structures (mTLS) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). However, only a subset of patients with mTLS-positive NSCLC derive clinical benefit, thus highlighting the need to unravel the ICI response determinants. The comprehensive analysis of ICI-treated NSCLC patients (n=509) from the BIP study (NCT02534649) revealed that the presence of mTLS correlates with improved clinical outcomes, independently of PD-L1 expression and genomic features. Employing spatial transcriptomics alongside multiplex immunofluorescence (mIF), we conducted a spatially resolved analysis and identified two distinct subsets of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that play a crucial role in the primary resistance to ICI in mTLS-positive NSCLC. Notably, these CAFs were associated with immune exclusion, CD8+ T cell exhaustion and increased regulatory CD4+ T cell infiltration, underscoring an immunosuppressive TME. Our study highlights the pivotal role of specific CAF subsets in thwarting ICI in mTLS-positive NSCLC, proposing novel therapeutic targets to enhance immunotherapy efficacy in this group of tumors.
Towards genetic improvement of Stevia rebaudiana : identification of QTL involved in steviol glycosides yield and response to Septoria steviae and study of GxE interactions
by Charles BASTIDE (BFP - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphi Colette et Josy Bouvé 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux 33140 Villenave-d'Ornon France, Bordeaux, INRAE
in front of the jury composed of
- Valérie SCHURDI-LEVRAUD - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Michel HERNOULD - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Laure PERCHEPIED - Maîtresse de conférences - Université d'Angers IRHS - Rapporteur
- Marc BARDIN - Directeur de recherche - INRAE UR0407 - Rapporteur
- Marina MIGUEL VEGA - Chargée de recherche - INRAE UMR12877 EGFV - Examinateur
- Marie PEGARD - Chargée de recherche - INRAE URP3F - Examinateur
Towards genetic improvement of Stevia rebaudiana: identification of QTLs involved in steviol glycoside yield and response to Septoria steviae, and study of GxE interactions Stevia rebaudiana (Bert.) Bertoni, a perennial plant discovered in Paraguay in 1899, has met growing interest since 1970, as this species accumulates steviol glycosides (SGs) in its leaves, natural sweeteners that are acaloric, acariogenic and have a zero glycemic index. An organic production chain has emerged in south-western France under the management of the OVIATIS company. However, the long-term viability of this sector depends being able to offer productive varieties adapted to organic production conditions to farmers. The work developed in this thesis contributes to this objective. Our work has enabled us (1) to characterize the genetic diversity of strains of Septoria steviae, a major fungal pathogen responsible for septoria. Isolates have been isolated in France and Argentina, and positioned in relation to global diversity; (2) to detect QTLs (Quantitative Trait Loci) associated with SG yield traits and tolerance to Septoria steviae in two full-sibling populations with a common parent and (3) to carry out a first study of genotype-environment (GxE) interaction under production conditions in France, laying the foundations for understanding cultivar responses to local conditions. This work contributes to the sustainability of the French organic Stevia industry, and paves the way for a marker-assisted selection program aimed at developing high-performance cultivars for low-input agriculture.
ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Digital Twin Driven Engineering System
by Mama DIAKITE (Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphi Jean-Paul Dom 351 cours de la libération, Bat A31, 33400 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Mamadou Kaba TRAORE - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Nabil ANWER - Professeur - Université Paris-Scalay - Rapporteur
- Franck FONTANILI - Professeur des universités - IMT Mines Albi - Rapporteur
- Yves DUCQ - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Digitalization is now spreading to all sectors, towards the emergence of an “all-smart” society. Intelligent systems are developing, widely integrating data and virtual technologies, thus becoming essential in our daily lives. In this context, the Digital Twin (DT) is emerging as a promising technology to manage the growing complexity of these systems by combining data-driven engineering and model-driven engineering. The DT combines various technologies, such as the Internet of Things, Big Data and artificial intelligence, to monitor, understand, optimize and anticipate the performance of a real system through its virtual version. Its use has rapidly spread to various sectors such as construction, manufacturing, aerospace and smart cities, playing a crucial role in their digital transformation. However, the deployment of DT solutions faces several obstacles. Among them, we note the lack of a consensual definition, the difficulties of synchronization between the JN and the physical system, as well as the absence of transversal engineering methods applicable to different domains, raising several research questions. This thesis addresses three main questions: (1) how to unify the understanding of the JN concept, (2) which deployment strategies to adopt, and (3) what is the impact of synchronization on the quality of services provided by the JN. The objective is to develop a formal and operational framework for JN engineering, based on systems theory. The major contributions are as follows: — A conceptual modeling approach of JN: development of the DMS (Data-Model-Service) framework to capture the internal elements of the JN in its value chain. — A formal specification approach for JN: development of a JN specification to eliminate ambiguities, facilitate symbolic manipulation and generate executable models, as well as a second specification based on systems theory, inspired by DEVS, to improve JN software engineering. — An inference capability graph: formalization of a model to evaluate the abilities of a JN to update itself automatically. — A system modeling approach for JN: introduction of a visual notation associated with the formal specification to simplify modeling and minimize the risks of error. — A conceptualization of the JN synchronization issue: identification of important synchronization factors to analyze their impact on the results produced by the JN. — An urban JN prototyping: development of a Digital Twin prototype for the University of Bordeaux campus, illustrating the practical implementation of the proposed framework.
Characterization of the mechanical properties of composite materials using non-contact ultrasonic guided waves with unilateral access
by Clément DESPRES (I2M - Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Bâtiment A29/Amphi F 351 Cours de la libération, Bâtiment A29, 33400 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Michel CASTAINGS - Professeur des universités - Bordeaux INP - Directeur de these
- Emmanuel LE CLEZIO - Professeur des universités - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Pierre BELANGER - Professeur - ETS Montréal - Rapporteur
- Odile ABRAHAM - Ingénieure - GERS/GEOEND - Université Gustave Eiffel - Examinateur
- Philippe MICHEAU - Professeur - Université de Sherbrooke - Examinateur
- Nicolas QUAEGEBEUR - Professeur - Université de Sherbrooke - CoDirecteur de these
This thesis project is motivated by a strong industrial demand for a non-destructive, contact-less process, with single-sided access to samples and relatively easy to implement, to quantify elastic moduli and thickness of materials, particularly of composites (fibrous materials, bonded assemblies). The work carried out led to the design and development of a pair of air-coupled ultrasonic transducers, dedicated to the simultaneous generation and detection of guided waves along composite plates. The dependence of the wavenumber of guided modes on the elastic moduli of the material constituting all or part of the guide, as well as on its thickness, was first studied using a model that predicts the sensitivity of Lamb wave mode wavenumbers to the material's properties. This allowed for the identification of the target modes that carry the most information about the desired properties, i.e., stiffness and/or thickness, with the density being systematically assumed to be known in the chosen approach. This knowledge, combined with a series of numerical simulations mimicking the experimental process, served as a basis for designing the most suitable ultrasonic transducers for the generation and detection of the relevant modes. More specifically, the optimal shape, size, and angular aperture of the transducers were thus defined. The transducers were then manufactured and characterized (measuring their frequency bandwidth and angular spectrum). Their first use involved simultaneously generating and detecting five Lamb modes along a Plexiglas plate (isotropic with known properties). The measured ultrasonic signals were processed to extract the wavenumbers of the propagated modes within a frequency range of a few hundred kHz. These experimental data were then used to solve an inverse problem aimed at determining the elastic moduli and thickness of the plate. Several optimization algorithms were tested, and the most efficient one (fast and robust with respect to the initial values chosen) was selected. The stiffness moduli and thickness of the Plexiglas plate were successfully recovered. Next, the process was tested for two composite assemblies: a stratified plate made up of unidirectional carbon epoxy and an aluminum/adhesive/aluminum tri-layer assembly. In the first case, six elastic moduli were evaluated from measurements of three or four Lamb modes propagating along two directions. For the second assembly, the Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio as well as the thickness of the adhesive were estimated, assuming the characteristics of both aluminum substrates were known. All the optimized values have been validated by characterization made with existing, robust processes, but operating in immersion and requiring through-transmission.
ED Sciences et environnements
Interactions between seawall defence and hydrodynamic: numerical approach coupled to field investigations
by Emilie WOUSSEN (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Univers Bâtiment NB18 Allée Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire 33615 PESSAC CEDEX FRANCE
in front of the jury composed of
- Nadia SENECHAL - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Vincent REY - Professeur des universités - Univertsité de Toulon, Aix Marseille, MIO - Rapporteur
- Nicolas ROBIN - Maître de conférences - Université de Perpignan, CEFREM - Rapporteur
- Anne-Claire BENNIS - Professeur des universités - Université de Caen Normandie, M2C - Examinateur
- Bruno CASTELLE - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux, EPOC - Examinateur
- Frédéric DUBOIS - Ingénieur de recherche - Université de Montpellier, LMGC - Examinateur
- France FLOC'H - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Bretagne Occidentale, IUEM - Examinateur
One of the ways to mitigate the increasing risks of coastal flooding and erosion, is optimising the effectiveness of existing coastal structures by extending or reinforcing their defensive properties. The main objective of this work is to improve the understanding of interactions between nearshore hydrodynamics and coastal defense structures, particularly riprap protection walls. To achieve this, the different elements present at the upper beach, such as long or infragravity waves arriving from offshore, the coastal aquifer and their interaction with riprap are studied. Various methods for separating the free surface signal into seaward and shoreward components were explored, in order to analyze the transformations of infragravity waves under storm conditions on a sandy beach protected by riprap. Experimental data were used to calibrate the XBeach numerical model in 2D (SurfBeat mode). Analysis of the simulation results highlighted the importance of bathymetry and the selected wave breaking model in setting up the numerical simulations. Significant generation of infragravity waves and the formation of standing waves were observed. A correlation was established under moderate wave conditions between the $R_{2%}$ (a commonly used runup proxy) and bathymetric variations parallel to the coast (cyclic pattern at the outer bar). No notable impact of the riprap on infragravity wave reflection was observed under the investigated conditions. Experimental data collected on the beach of Lacanau were also analyzed to study the dynamics of the coastal aquifer beneath a sandy beach exposed to tides and waves, protected by rubble mound structure. A recirculation cell was identified, but no immediate significant effect of the riprap was detected. Finally, a numerical model based on the discrete element method was developed using the LMGC90 software. This initial approach provides a foundation and insights into the geomechanical response of structures such as riprap under the influence of wave runup and forces.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
SKATEBOARDING IN BORDEAUX. HISTORY OF AN URBAN PRACTICE (1975 - 2024).
by Baptiste POINTILLART (Laboratoire Cultures et Diffusion des Savoirs)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Site de La Victoire 3ter Place de la Victoire, 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Luc ROBENE - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Serre SOLVEIG - Directrice de recherche - CNRS - Rapporteur
- Jean-François LOUDCHER - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Françoise TALIANO-DES GARETS - Professeure des universités - Sciences-Po Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Pascale GOETSCHEL - Professeure des universités - Université Paris 1 Sorbonne - Examinateur
- Charly MACHEMEHL - Maître de conférences - Université de Rouen - Rapporteur
Our research focuses on the history of skateboarding in Bordeaux. This self-organised leisure and sports activity has been present in the capital of Gironde since the 1970s, without interruption until the present day, despite periods of crisis on a global scale. Skateboarders use the city as their living environment, exploring it on their boards, reconfiguring it as they go, and taking it over materially and symbolically. These communities on the move are gradually defining an autonomous, alternative practice within public spaces. Their relationship with the ‘rolling', with cultural and technical innovation, with the unprecedented, with the forbidden, with fun or inventive feats, is shaping a lifestyle, between the culture of the margins and shared cultures, and governing singular sociabilities and original ways of apprehending urban space, of presenting and representing themselves in the city. At several points in its history, skateboarding has been seen as a disruptive irruption for other users of the city. The local history of skateboarding raises questions about the lifestyles of urban dwellers, but also about the forms of regulation adopted by the public authorities in response to the emergence of conflicts of use. Indeed, Bordeaux is an original example of city management in that skateboarders, after being banned and fined, succeed in gaining influence with elected representatives to assert their right to practice their city. The mediation policies put in place by the municipality have recently led to urban projects to integrate skateboarding into the city. A historical analysis of this situation reveals how an innovation in the way people practise and live in the city leads to the development of shared spaces and a different way of administering places in order to adapt to these cultural transformations.
"Chat : What conceptualization for inclusive education? Taking speech into account to renew learning desire"
by Noémie SALAUN (Laboratoire Cultures, Education, Sociétés)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Salle des Disputes INSPE de Bordeaux - Mérignac Parc de Bourran 160, av. de Verdun 33700 Mérignac
in front of the jury composed of
- Magdalena KOHOUT-DIAZ - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - INSPE DE BORDEAUX - Directeur de these
- Ilaria PIRONE - Professeure des universités - Université Paris VIII Vincennes - Saint Denis - Rapporteur
- Alexandre PLOYE - Professeur des universités - CY Cergy Paris Université - Rapporteur
- Patrick GEFFARD - Professeur émérite - Université Paris VIII Vincennes - Saint Denis - Examinateur
Nowadays, inclusive education involves a paradigm shift that gives the person's words a central place again. From this perspective, we propose a conceptualization of chatter in light of the desire to learn. Therefore, our research aims to promote a new concept in the field of educational sciences, chatter, which must first be anchored in the history of thought, before questioning its functions for the learner as for the teacher interpreter of diversity, in an inclusive context.
Optimization of the swallowing function, rehabilitation and tracheotomy weaning in brain-injured patients
by Thomas GALLICE (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - 10/12/2024 UNIVERSITÉ DE BORDEAUX Collège Santé - ISPED/BPH, Amphithéatre LOUIS 146 rue Léo Saignat - Case 11 33076 BORDEAUX CEDEX
in front of the jury composed of
- Patrick DEHAIL - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Virginie WOISARD - Professeure des universités - praticienne hospitalière - Université de Toulouse - Rapporteur
- Eric VéRIN - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Rouen - Rapporteur
- Hélène CASSOUDESSALE - Maître de conférences - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Patients suffering from serious brain injuries and hospitalized in intensive care units frequently benefit from the insertion of a tracheostomy. In the acute phase, this has numerous advantages and notably facilitates weaning from mechanical ventilation, as well as the discharge of patients from intensive care unit. However, the presence of a tracheostomy poses two problems: it is likely to cause or increase swallowing disorders and it can be an obstacle to the discharge of brain-injured patients to secondary care structures. Weaning from tracheostomy therefore appears to be an essential step in the patient's rehabilitation. Different weaning protocols exist but they generally rely on the expertise of certain professionals or on an instrumental evaluation. Moreover, certain weaning practices, such as the use of the speaking valve, do not achieve consensus. Weaning from tracheostomy thus appears to be complex, dangerous and requiring significant skills and resources. We have created a multidisciplinary weaning protocol in 5 steps, based solely on clinical evaluation criteria adapted to each patient. This can be used independently, outside of an intensive care unit and without instrumental evaluation. This protocol works as a decision-making algorithm. We tested this protocol in a prospective cohort study including 30 brain-injured and tracheostomized patients. We obtained a decannulation rate of 90%, a success rate of 100% and an average weaning duration of 7.6 [SD: 4-6] days. Jointly, we evaluated the effect of the speaking valve on air flow in the upper airways during tracheostomy weaning. The analysis of polygraphic recordings, made on 15 brain-injured tracheostomized patients, shows that the use of a speaking valve with a deflated cuff is necessary to recreate an expiratory flow in the upper airways. This expiratory flow is essential for the rehabilitation of swallowing. Cuff deflation alone appears to be insufficient to redirect expiratory air to the upper airway. In the absence of a speaking valve, tracheostomy appears to be the shortest and easiest route for the expiratory flow. With the aim of determining the predictive factors of successful decannulation in the population of brain-injured patients, a systematic review of the literature was conducted in parallel with our previous work. After querying the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, Web of Science, PEDro, OPENGREY, OPENSIGLE, Science Direct, CLINICAL TRIALS and Central, we identified 1433 articles, of which 26 were eligible for inclusion in this review. The main predictive factors were: a high neurological level, traumatic lesions (rather than stroke or cerebral anoxia), age, effective swallowing and coughing and the absence of pulmonary infections. Secondary predictive factors were: early tracheostomy, supratentorial lesions, absence of critical illness polyneuropathy/myopathy and absence of tracheal lesions. The identification of these predictive factors can be useful to target among brain-injured tracheostomized patients, those requiring evaluation, monitoring or specific care.
Reshape the relationship with the Living. Trees in agriculture
by Juliette PORTE (Centre Emile Durkheim)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle Denucé Université de Bordeaux - Campus Victoire 3ter Place de la Victoire 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Delphine THIVET - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Marie JACQUé - Maîtresse de conférences - Aix-Marseille Université - Rapporteur
- Sylvie GUILLERME - Directrice de recherche - Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès - Rapporteur
- Catherine DARROT - Maîtresse de conférences - Agro Campus Ouest site de Rennes - Examinateur
- Valérie DELDRèVE - Directrice de recherche - INRAe Nouvelle Aquitaine Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Antoine ROGER - Professeur des universités - Science Po Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
Trees have been removed from the agricultural landscape and have lost their ancestral role in agriculture due to modernization. However, during the past decades, farmers and other actors in the agroecological transition have reconsidered trees' ecological functions and the role they play in balancing ecosystems. This PhD aims to identify the spread of agroforestry in the French agricultural field. It discusses how relationships between farmers and the living, human and non-human, are affected by the return of trees in agriculture. The survey is based on visits to farms, observations and interviews with three stakeholders: farmers, intermediary actors (technical advisories and associations), and agents of agroforestry policies. The survey is carried out through an interdisciplinary approach between social sciences and agronomy, with a strong emphasis on visuals (photographs, maps and illustrations). The PhD is organized in 3 parts and 10 chapters. The first part shows what makes agroforestry an alternative to the conventional model of production, as a way to adapt to climate change. Different stakeholders have different perceptions of agroforestry. Chapter one defines in depths agroforestry farms. Chapter two is focused on the professional identity of agroforestry farmers: their stance leads them to a new way of interacting with the living. This synergy with the living is shaped by multiple and complementary aspects of trees into the farm, which is the subject of chapter three. The second part is focused on the decision process and engagement with the agroecological transition. This thought process takes place at different scales: macro, meso and micro-sociological. The analysis of the decision mechanism to the transition is conducted at each of these scales: political and economical (chapter 4), sociotechnical (chapter 5) and psychological and emotional (chapter 6). In chapter 7, I put forward the analysis on a new scale, the scale of sensitivity. The third part discusses the conditions in which agroforestry could be developed and sustained, by taking to account farmers wishes (chapter 8), the intermediary actors' suggestions (chapter 9), and the policy agents' regulatory framework (chapter 10). It appears that alternative and conventional agriculture are based on two different views on what relationship with the living should be. European agricultural policies are based on a naturalist view of relationship with the living, which hinders the development of alternative agriculture.