ED Sciences Chimiques
Development of high resolution mass spectrometry techniques for structural proteomic analysis and molecular mapping of Cultural Heritage samples
by Vaclav KRUPICKA (Institut de Chimie & de Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets)
The defense will take place at 15h00 - Salle de conférence Batiment CARF Site Carreire de l'Université de Bordeaux 146 rue Léo Saignat 33076 Bordeaux Cedex
in front of the jury composed of
- Caroline TOKARSKI - Professeure - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Rémy CHAPOULIE - Professeur - Université Bordeaux Montaigne - Examinateur
- Facundo FERNANDEZ - Professor - Georgia Institute of Technology - Examinateur
- Julie ARSLANOGLU - Chargée de recherche - The Metropolitan Museum of Art - Examinateur
- Joelle VINH - Directrice de recherche - ESPCI Paris - Rapporteur
- Ilaria BONADUCE - Assistant professor - University of Pisa - Rapporteur
Aim of this theses is to develop new high resolution mass spectrometry (MS) approaches for Cultural Heritage (CH) studies by adapting techniques used in biomedical fields. As question regarding structural changes occurring at molecular level and precise mapping of organic and inorganic components of paints become more common, new approaches have to be developed in order to fully answer them. In particular we decided to focus on top-down (TD) proteomics as an alternative to bottom-up (BU) proteomics now commonly used in cultural heritage studies and mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), which combines high chemical specificity of mass spectrometry with spatial mapping capabilities. In chapter 1 we provide the background information on the state of MS in cultural heritage as well as current development in other fields. We highlight how the new cutting-edge approaches developed for biomedical research can be translated to answering outstanding questions in cultural heritage research. In particular we focus on the advances achieved using TD proteomics in providing comprehensive view of proteoforms associated with varied protein functions such as indicators of pathologies and potentially changes in CH objects. We also introduce MSI, whose potential in cultural heritage studies is yet to be explored. We primarily focus on Matrix assisted laser desorption/ionisation (MALDI) MSI which has been previously used to study wide range of molecular species (lipids, peptides, metabolites...) in biological systems. In chapter 2 we present an optimised workflow for comprehensive analysis of protein extracted from paint models using TD proteomics. We discuss the challenges associated with performing TD proteomic studies in cultural heritage including proteins solubility, acquisition optimisation, as well as data analysis limitations. We apply our optimised work flow to a set of egg glair paint models to highlight the increase in protein heterogeneity in paints as well as identifying presence of glycated proteoforms of egg white lysozyme. In chapter 3 we implemented an integrated mass spectrometric approach combining TD proteomics and ion mobility mass spectrometry to study the structural changes occurring during casein paint formation. Using ion mobility mass spectrometry we examined the higher order structure changes in caseins from chemical standards to casein paint. Integrating this information with proteoforms identified using TD proteomics gave initial insight into the changes occurring to casein proteins during paint formation. In chapter 4 we perform the first application of MALDI-MSI for comprehensive mapping of organic species in modern paintings. We discuss the optimisation of sample preparation required to make paint cross-sections compatible with MALDI-MSI and to minimise distortions during sectioning. We highlight the limitations of classical data analysis tools when analysing paint cross-section and so we introduce a custom pigment and dye database to streamline data analysis. We apply our workflow to a section obtained from modern painting by local artist showcasing how MALDI-MSI can provide new information on paint layer composition as well as the materials used. In chapter 5 we study the composition of paint layers prepared using inorganic pig ments mixed with organic binders. Understanding the limitations of available methods in MSI for analysis of biological compounds such as proteins we developed a machine learning workflow, MSipredictART, based on Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Op erator (LASSO). This method allows for pixel-to-pixel assignment of binder and pigment composition from a single MALDI-MSI acquisition. KMD is used to further to visualise MALDI-MSI datasets to study the inorganic pigment composition. Finally we applied MSipredictART to historical sample obtained from ca. 1690 painting by Jose Sanchez, demonstrating first application of MALDI-MSI to a historical sample.
3D printing of diamond-based material composites for thermal management applications
by Nada KRAIEM (ICMCB - Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 17h00 - C207 844 N 16th St, Lincoln, NE 68508
in front of the jury composed of
- Anne JOULAIN - Professeure - Université de Poitiers - Rapporteur
- Hiroki KURITA - Professeur - Université du Tohoku - Rapporteur
- Jean-Marc HEINTZ - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Cyril AYMONIER - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Yongfeng LU - Professeur - Université du Nebraska-Lincoln - CoDirecteur de these
- Bai CUI - Professeur - Université du Nebraska-Lincoln - Examinateur
- Xinwei WANG - Professeur - Iowa State University - Examinateur
- Dong LIN - Professeur - Oregon State University - Examinateur
With the trend towards miniaturization of electrical equipment and the constant increase in power density in semiconductor devices, efficient heat management has become a major concern for researchers. Indeed, this technological evolution imposes increasingly strict constraints in terms of thermal dissipation, necessitating innovative solutions to ensure better durability and reliability of components. In this context, the use of composite materials offering high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion compared to pure metals has become essential to address overheating issues in electronic components. The utilization of advanced materials such as diamond (D), with exceptional thermal conductivity and hardness properties, stands out as a preferred choice for reinforcing metal matrices. However, its incorporation into composite materials requires the creation of a well-defined D-metal interface, both to avoid porosity formation and to ensure efficient transfer of thermal properties. Additive manufacturing of 3D materials by laser fusion is emerging as a promising solution, not only for the ease of implementation of these composites, but also for the creation of complex structures dedicated to heat dissipation. These structures play a crucial role in optimizing the heat exchange surface by convection with the surrounding air, thus allowing efficient dissipation of heat generated by modern electronic devices. In this study, 3D printing of copper (Cu) was achieved through the addition of an optimal amount of aluminum. This approach significantly improved the densification of copper-based materials, despite the challenges posed by its high reflectivity. Subsequently, in-depth investigation and optimization of laser 3D printing of the AlSi10Mg alloy, before and after the incorporation of D, were carried out. Finally, a crucial post-processing step was optimized, consisting of polishing Al/D composite materials using laser ablation. This work was carried out as part of an international collaboration between the University of Nebraska, Lincoln in the United States of America, and the University of Bordeaux in France.
ED Droit
Digital social networks and criminal liability
by Pierre-François LASLIER (INSTITUT DE SCIENCES CRIMINELLES ET DE LA JUSTICE)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - 1K 35 place Pey Berland, PJJ, 33000, Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Valérie MALABAT - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- François ROUSSEAU - Professeur des universités - Université de Nantes - Rapporteur
- Farah SAFI - Professeur des universités - Université Clermont Auvergne - Examinateur
- Emmanuel NETTER - Professeur des universités - Université de Strasbourg - Rapporteur
- Jean-Christophe SAINT-PAU - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Spearheading the democratization of online speech, social networks have undoubtedly revolutionized our informational landscape by offering everyone the opportunity to express themselves and connect with others. Bearers of hope, these platforms have also contributed to the emergence of new forms of infringement that criminal law could not ignore. Digital raids, hate speech, sexual offences, deceit and offences to the personality, are some of the unlawful acts that are amplified by social networks, and that ultimately justify resorting to criminal law. The thesis delves into the relationship between this punitive branch of the law and social networks, and, more precisely, measures the impact of these online services on the conditions of criminal liability. Far from turning criminal liability upside down, the features of social networks spur a renewal of this repressive mechanism. On the one hand, the contours of the offences need to be renewed in order to embrace the interactive and intrusive dimensions of social networks. As a result, many offenses have to be confronted with these new communication media, such as press offences, sexual offenses, offenses against consent or offenses against privacy or identity. On the other hand, the specific functioning of these online services calls for a renewal of the rules relating to the repression lato sensu. Regarding social networks users, their repressive regime needs to be adapted to take the interactive nature of these media into account. Thus, the rules of attribution and punishment of the offenses have to be adjusted. Regarding platform managers, the growing awareness of their active role in the circulation of contents calls for a deepening of their repressive regime, in order to force them to anticipate the occurrence of offenses risks.
ED Entreprise Economie Société
GLOBAL IMBALANCES AND INTERNATIONAL TRADE IN THE ERA OF CLIMATE CHALLENGES
by Koutchogna ASSOGBAVI (BSE - Bordeaux sciences économiques)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle des thèse 16 Av. Léon Duguit, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Stéphane DEES - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Camélia TURCU - Professeure des universités - Université d'Orléans - Rapporteur
- Cécile COUHARDE - Professeure des universités - Université Paris Nanterre - Rapporteur
- Michel DUPUY - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
This thesis empirically examines various key issues in international economics and finance through the lens of rising risks associated with climate change and mitigation policies. In its first chapter, it addresses the issue of global current account imbalances by analyzing the forces explaining their dynamics, particularly since the 2008 global financial crisis. It empirically evaluates the factors that could potentially explain the persistence of global imbalances in certain advanced, emerging, and low-income countries. The global financial crisis represents, according to our estimations, a structural break in the determination of current account balance determinants. Financial development, financial openness, and institutional variables are significant factors that influence the current account balance through changes in investment and savings behaviors. We then use our estimations to predict equilibrium current accounts and calculate the contribution of underlying factors. Despite some uncertainty around the estimates, our models are able to explain most observed current account configurations, showing only a surplus compared to equilibrium in the cases of Japan, China, and more recently, Germany. Following this general analysis, taking into account the impact of climate change mitigation policies shows that stricter environmental policy or high levels of environmental taxes lead to current account surpluses. Considering this potential impact of climate change mitigation policies, Chapter 2 examines the effects of environmental policy on international trade flows. It evaluates whether tightening environmental policy encourages the relocation of highly polluting activities. The results show no evidence of carbon leakage through international trade, as strict environmental policy generally leads to a reduction in CO2 emissions embodied in traded goods and services, both at the aggregate and sectoral levels. However, we find evidence of carbon leakage when considering imports from countries with less stringent environmental policies. Finally, Chapter 3 examines the effects of different types of climate events on various components of the balance of payments. We apply the local projection method to panel data to assess the impact of natural disasters on the balance of payments. This impact on the current account balance is negative in the short term and disappears one year after the disaster. Our results show that all components of trade decrease following a disaster. Service imports take the longest time to return to their initial state. The negative impact is greater in emerging countries than in more advanced ones. Similarly, in tropical, island, and coastal countries, the effects are more pronounced. Our work shows that climate change risks and environmental policies play an important role in international trade in goods and capital flows. These effects are expected to strengthen in the coming decades and could constitute fundamental factors in international economic and financial dynamics.
ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
Impact of Fructose Consumption on Microglia and Brain Health
by Adeline COURSAN (Nutrition et Neurobiologie Intégrée)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre Bâtiment Bordeaux Biologie Santé 2 Rue Dr Hoffmann Martinot, 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Xavier FIORAMONTI - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Katia BEFORT - Chargée de recherche - Université de Strasbourg - Rapporteur
- Carole ROVERE - Chargée de recherche - Université de Côte d'Azur - Rapporteur
- André MARETTE - Professeur - Université de Laval - Examinateur
Fructose, a monosaccharide naturally occurring in fruits and honey, has seen its consumption increase tenfold in recent decades, with today a daily intake around 55g. While numerous studies have demonstrated the deleterious effects of fructose consumption on metabolic disorders, the effects of this sugar on brain health have been neglected. The brain is fully equipped to absorb and metabolize fructose. Indeed, the fructose-specific transporter, GLUT5, is expressed almost exclusively in microglia. Defects in the control of neuroinflammation, a process controlled by these cells, are associated with emotional and memory disorders. Moreover, fructose consumption leads to intestinal dysbiosis. This dysbiosis can also induce mood and memory disorders. Thus, the hypothesis of this project is that fructose consumption can disrupt brain health directly through alterations in microglia and/or indirectly through dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota. To address this hypothesis, we used several complementary approaches. Our in vitro results reveal that fructose disrupts the inflammatory response of microglia. In vivo, our results show that a fructose-enriched diet induces anxiodepressive-like behaviors, as well as spatial memory impairment. They also reveal the key role of microglial cells in the establishment of these disorders. In parallel, our in vivo results and clinical study highlight the involvement of the intestinal microbiota in the establishment of pseudo-depressive behaviors or anxious traits induced by fructose malabsorption. This data could contribute to improving current dietary recommendations.
ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Theoretical study of nonlocal electron heat transport in plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion
by Antoine CHRISMENT (Centre Lasers Intenses et Applications)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphi D Bât A29 Université de Bordeaux, Campus de Talence, 351 cours de la Libération
in front of the jury composed of
- Philippe NICOLAï - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Nicolas CROUSEILLES - Directeur de recherche - INRIA - Rapporteur
- Ridgers CHRISTOPHER - Professeur des universités - Université de York - Rapporteur
- Marie-Christine FIRPO - Directeur de recherche - Ecole Polytechnique - Examinateur
- Patrick MORA - Directrice de recherche émérite - Ecole Polytechnique - Examinateur
- Tikhonchuk VLADIMIR - Professeur émérite - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Julien MATHIAUD - Professeur des universités - Université de Rennes - Examinateur
Inertial fusion by lasers has entered a new era since ignition has been achieved. The development of a commercial reactor requires to transform one successful shot per year into several ones in a second. This means significantly improving the robustness of the implosion control. To do so the dialogue between experimental progresses and theoretical understanding must be strengthened through the creation of accurate simulation tools. This thesis addresses the problem of modeling electron heat transfer within the conduction region of the ablative flow. Given the variety of phenomena causing the distortion of the electron distribution function, it appeared that to close the macroscopic equations the approach of exactly solving reduced kinetic equations with an efficient numerical method is promising since its flexibility constitutes the most fertile ground for progressive extensions. In this manuscript, we deepen the understanding, improve and efficiently implement a reduced kinetic model whose purpose is restricted to treating the problem of quasi-static nonlocal transport within an isolated, one-dimensional and unmagnetized plasma.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
TEACHERS ACTIONS WITH THE VIEW TO ADJUSTING THE CLASSROOM CLIMATE: AN INTERACTIONIST APPROACH
by Rémi POYMIRO (Laboratoire Cultures, Education, Sociétés)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle des thèses 3 ter Place de la Victoire - 33800 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Magdalena KOHOUT-DIAZ - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Jean VANNEREAU - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Franc MORANDI - Professeur émérite - Université de Bordeaux - Rapporteur
- Pierre Johan LAFFITTE - Professeur des universités - Paris 8 - Examinateur
- Antoine KATTAR - Professeur des universités - INSPE Amiens, Université de Picardie - Rapporteur
- Marc GUIGNARD - Maître de conférences - Lyon 2 - Examinateur
In the context of the crisis in the French education system which more broadly reflects societal issues, teachers on the ground are looking for solutions to remedy various forms of failure in the pedagogical approach to teaching. The methods used for initial teacher training, the mentoring during the induction year and the Continuing Professional Development are currently insufficient to enlighten practitioners in this question which is fundamental. The aim of our research is to rethink, renew and complete the training and mentoring of teachers with a view to improve the ‘classroom climate'. We consider the “classroom ecosystem” by placing it under the theory of complexity. The observed phenomena are considered retroactive, which means they are linked to each other and which prevents the use of any causal approach. To understand the phenomena as a whole we use Field Theory. Using the notion of ‘classroom climate', makes it possible to define a specific atmosphere to the system observed. Taking into account the characteristics of the interaction within the ‘classroom environment' enables to qualify this climate. The transactions between individuals within the ‘classroom environment' defines what we call the ‘classroom climate'. Our approach, which is focused on interactions, promotes the collaboration of two disciplines with the objective of gaining a better understanding of the educational relationship: educational sciences and psychosociology. Our theoretical framework therefore draws on concepts developed in “The Teacher's Role” (Bucheton, Robbes, Connac), “The systemic Approach” (Watzlawick, Elkaim) and in “The Group's Dynamic” (Lewin, Redl). Based on these different theoretical contributions, we seek to understand how (consciously or unconsciously) the teacher manages interactions within the group. What interaction process approaches are implemented? What analysis is this approach based on? This heuristic research is drawn from field observation. We followed members from the teaching team of four middle school classes for the period of three school years. Video recordings of classroom sessions resulted in twenty-two analytical self-confrontation interviews. Once the analysis of the content was completed, it was noted that the teachers had understood certain areas of the regulation of the classroom climate. (i) The practitioners identified different gestures which aim to regulate/manage the interactions between students and teachers and amongst the students themselves. The way the teachers move around the classroom and the position in which they stand play a central role and this seems to reinforce the importance of the layout of the classroom. (ii) The role that certain students play in the group has an influence on the manner in which the teachers manage interactions. (iii) The pre-designed pedagogical scenarios, often from so-called traditional pedagogies, tend to encourage limited interactions between students and promotes a behaviourist learning theory.