ED Mathématiques et Informatique
Computer-assisted rough 2D animation
by Melvin EVEN (LaBRI - Laboratoire Bordelais de Recherche en Informatique)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle Ada Lovelace 200 Av. de la Vieille Tour, 33405 Talence Centre Inria de l'université de Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Pascal BARLA - Chargé de recherche - INRIA Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Marie-Paule CANI - Professeure - LIX, CNRS/Ecole Polytechnique, IP Paris - Rapporteur
- Joëlle THOLLOT - Professeure - INRIA Rhône-Alpes - Examinateur
- Daniel SýKORA - Professor - Czech Technical University in Prague - Rapporteur
- Boris DALSTEIN - Docteur - VGC Software - Examinateur
Traditional 2D animation is a time-intensive process requiring a high level of expertise, as animators must draw thousands of individual frames by hand to create a complete animation sequence. With the advent of computer animation, artists now have the option to use 3D animation or 2D puppet-style techniques, which eliminate the need to manually draw each frame but often sacrifice the unique workflows and artistic style characteristic of traditional 2D animation. Alternatively, digital tools that emulate traditional 2D animation streamline tasks like drawing and coloring, but still require animators to draw each frame by hand. In academia, many computer-assisted methods have been developed to automate the inbetweening of clean line drawings, in which intermediate frames are automatically generated from input key drawings. However, these methods tend to be constrained by rigid workflows and limited artistic control, largely due to the challenges of stroke matching and interpolation. In this thesis, we take a novel approach to address these limitations by focusing on an earlier stage of animation using rough drawings (ie~sketches). Our key innovation is to recast the matching and interpolation problems using emph{transient embeddings}, which consist in groups of strokes that exist temporarily across keyframes. A transient embedding carries strokes between keyframes both forward and backward in time through a sequence of transformed lattices. Our system generates rough inbetweens in real-time allowing artists to preview and edit their animation using tools that offer precise artistic control over the dynamics of the animation. This ensures smooth continuity of motion, even when complex topological changes are introduced and enables emph{non-linear} exploration of movements. We demonstrate these capabilities on state-of-the-art 2D animation examples. Another notoriously difficult task is the representation 3D motion and depth through 2D animated drawings. Artists must pay particular attention to occlusions and how they evolve through time, a tedious process. Computer-assisted inbetweening methods such as cut-out animation tools allow for such occlusions to be handled beforehand using a 2D rig, at the expense of flexibility and artistic expression. We also address occlusion handling without sacrificing non-linear control. Our contribution in that matter is two-fold: a fast method to compute 2D masks from rough drawings with a semi-automatic dynamic layout system for occlusions between drawing parts; and an artist-friendly method to both automatically and manually control the dynamic visibility of strokes for self-occlusions. Our system helps artists produce convincing 3D-like 2D animations, including head turns, foreshortening effects, out-of-plane rotations, overlapping volumes and even transparency.
Data-driven models for turbulent separated flows
by Thomas PHILIBERT (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Salle de conférences IMB Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux, 351 cours de la Libération Bâtiment A33, 33400 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Angelo IOLLO - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Tommaso TADDEI - Chargé de recherche - INRIA Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Michel BERGMANN - Directeur de recherche - INRIA Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Maria Vittoria SALVETTI - Professor - University of Pisa - Examinateur
- Paola CINNELLA - Professeure - Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Rapporteur
- Emmanuel FRANCK - Chargé de recherche - INRIA NANCY GRAND EST - Rapporteur
Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models are commonly used in industrial applications due to their efficiency in simulating complex fluid flows, offering a practical balance between accuracy and computational cost. However, RANS models have inherent limitations that can affect their accuracy, particularly in cases involving separated or highly complex flows. One significant issue is the discrepancy in Reynolds stresses compared to high-fidelity data obtained from Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) or experimental measurements. These disparities can lead to inaccuracies in flow characteristic predictions, underscoring the need for improved modeling approaches to enhance the reliability of RANS results. In this work, we propose two innovative approaches aimed at addressing these discrepancies while retaining the computational efficiency of the Menter Shear Stress Transport (SST) model. The first approach involves an explicit algebraic model paired with a neural network (specifically a multilayer perceptron, or MLP) to correct the turbulent characteristic time within the RANS model. The second approach targets the Boussinesq approximation itself, using either an MLP or a Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) to directly correct this approximation based on data-driven insights. Further, to ensure physically consistent predictions, we integrate realizability constraints within both models by introducing penalization terms. Realizability conditions are essential for turbulence models, as they ensure that the predicted stress tensors align with fundamental physical principles, such as the positivity of turbulent kinetic energy. Incorporating these constraints enhances model stability and reliability during both the training and application phases. The proposed Reynolds stress model, augmented with characteristic time correction (via the MLP) and Boussinesq approximation correction (via MLP or GAN), demonstrates strong predictive performance in both in-sample and out-of-sample flow configurations. Tested across various flow scenarios, the model accurately captures key turbulent flow characteristics while maintaining physically realistic predictions. These findings indicate that our approaches enhance the adaptability and reliability of RANS models, enabling more accurate simulations of complex, industrially relevant flow conditions without the high computational costs associated with DNS.
ED Sciences Chimiques
Aromatic oligoamide foldamers for molecular machines and as carbohydrate receptors
by Robin HESS (Institut de Chimie & de Biologie des Membranes & des Nano-objets)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - amphitheater IECB B13 2 Rue Robert Escarpit, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Yann FERRAND - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- David CANEVET - Professeur - Départements d'Enseignement SCIENCES - DEP ENS SCIENCES Chimie Chimie - UMR CNRS - MOLTECH ANJOU - Rapporteur
- Oscar FRANCESCONI - Associate Professor - Dipartimento di Chimica 'Ugo Schiff' - DICUS, University of Florence - Rapporteur
- Ivan HUC - Professeur - Department Pharmazie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München - Examinateur
- Gilles GUICHARD - Directeur de recherche - Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Aromatic oligoamide foldamers are abiotic backbones that fold into secondary structures such as helices and sheets, similar to proteins. They can adopt defined conformations such as helices, capsules, and cones, leveraging their rigidity, torsional flexibility, and noncovalent interactions to selectively bind specific guests. These versatile properties open pathways for designing advanced molecular architectures that can perform complex functions, such as molecular shuttling and selective guest recognition. This work focuses on two such systems: (1) characterizing the interdependent cascading motions between a macrocycle and helix along a thread in a foldarotaxane-molecular machine under pH stimuli and variable concentration, and (2) developing a double helical cone-shaped receptor for carbohydrate binding, addressing the limitations of traditional foldamer capsules. (1) A foldarotaxane forms through the self-assembly of a helical foldamer and a macrocycle around a dumbbell-shaped molecular axle. The axle contains two stations for the macrocycle, one of which is more attractive at low pH, while the other becomes favoured at high pH. Similarly, the helix has two binding stations of different lengths, and the more attractive station is located near the second macrocycle station, creating competition between the helix and macrocycle at higher pH. Under low concentrations and pH stimuli, the macrocycle translates the helix along the axle. At higher concentrations, faster helix disassembly and reassembly lead to a compartmentalized supramolecular shuttle where the helix and macrocycle can be trapped in regions of lower affinity. (2) While aromatic oligoamide foldamer capsules offer precise shape complementarity, they limit guest exposure to the solvent, restricting applications such as binding larger molecules (e.g., glycosylated proteins) or selective chemical transformations. To address this, we developed a double helical cone-like receptor by modifying the capsule design and preventing the dimerization of single helical cones. The new receptor, incorporating a turn unit in the foldamer backbone, was tested for its binding affinity and selectivity toward various monosaccharides and disaccharides.
ED Droit
Absorption of a legal person member of a board of directors : comparative study
by Yannick DIOMANDE (INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN DROIT DES AFFAIRES ET DU PATRIMOINE)
The defense will take place at 15h00 - Manon Cormier Université de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, Manon Cormier
in front of the jury composed of
- Denis POHE-TOKPA - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Bernard ADOUKO - Maître de conférences - Université Alassane OUATTARA de Bouaké - Rapporteur
- Nawa YEO - Professeur des universités - Université de Daloa - Rapporteur
- Bernard SAINTOURENS - Professeure émérite - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The merger-absorption operation of a legal entity is a question in itself difficult to apprehend both in the effects that it deploys and in the organization of such an operation. This difficulty peculiar to the nature of such an operation will take on a completely different character when a legal person on a board of directors is involved. All the hypotheses that can be developed reflect not only the diversity but also the complexity of such a subject. If this question is mentioned, it is indicative of the instrumentality of company law, it must be recognized that the resolution of such a problem should be achieved by reconciling the specific features of merger law but also by taking into account the specificities surrounding the legal person director. The universal transmission of heritage, the reorganization of post-merger powers, the rights of creditors, the problem of representation of the legal person in the absorbing society, the intrusion of a third morality are all questions raised by this problem. The solution of this problem requires a careful study of the issues raised in the light of OHADA law and French law.
The legal protection of geographical indications and its advantage for the development of Haiti
by Johanny Stanley JOSEPH (INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN DROIT DES AFFAIRES ET DU PATRIMOINE)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Salle des actes Avenue Léon Duguit, Bâtiment C, 33608, Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Ronan RAFFRAY - Professeur agrégé - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Norbert OLSZAK - Professeur émérite - Université Paris 1 - Sorbonne - Rapporteur
- Caroline LE GOFFIC - Professeure - Université de Lille - Rapporteur
- Aurélie CARIMENTRAND - Maîtresse de conférences - IUT Bordeaux-Montaigne - Examinateur
Geographical indications play a role in identifying products originating from a geographical location whose quality, reputation or any other characteristic are inherent to that location. This could explain the notoriety and uniqueness of the names « Champagne », « Bordeaux » or « Tequila ». The abundant litigation generated over decades by the explosion of abusive uses may have provided the opportunity to guarantee the protection of geographical indications at the international level. It should be noted that, given the rise of globalization, the recognition and protection of geographical indications have, with the TRIPS Agreement, received notable recognition from WTO member states. However, despite its apparently obligatory nature in the agreement, Haiti, a less developed country, has not provided any legal means to protect these designations of origin. In reality, however, the protection of geographical indications is rich in potential. Far from the inadequacies resulting from international rules, they are considered as instruments of territorial development and preservation of cultural identity. This is why this thesis aims, by studying French and European models, to justify the legal protection of these public signs through their economic interest.
Intermediation
by Mohamedyassine MOUHIB (COMPTRASEC - Centre de Droit Comparé de Travail et de la Sécurité Sociale)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Salle des thèses Avenue Léon Duguit, 33608, Pessac, Bâtiment C
in front of the jury composed of
- Gilles AUZERO - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Grégoire DUCHANGE - Professeur des universités - Université Paris Panthéon-Assas - Rapporteur
- Grégoire LOISEAU - Professeur des universités - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - Rapporteur
- Sébastien TOURNAUX - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
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ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
Involvement of Striatin3 in the regulation of Wnt and Hippo pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma and its role as a tumor suppressor in hepatoblastoma
by Camille TOCQUEVILLE (BoRdeaux Institute of onCology)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Amphithéatre BBS Amphithéatre du BBS Bordeaux Biologie Santé 2 rue Dr Hoffmann Martinot 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Maria MAMANI-MATSUDA - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Orlando MUSSO - Chargé de recherche - Université de Rennes - Rapporteur
- Francis CASTETS - Chargé de recherche - Université Aix-Marseille - Rapporteur
- Muriel VAYSSADE - Professeur des universités - Université de Compiègne - Examinateur
The objective of this thesis is to study the role of Striatin-3 in hepatoblastoma (HB) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), two liver cancers characterized by gene deregulations, chromosomal rearrangements, and mutations in genes related to the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway (Wnt). These alterations lead to abnormal activation of this pathway. Mutations in the gene encoding β-catenin (CTNNB1) are very common in these cancers, occurring in about 80% of HB cases and 30% of HCC cases. The protein Striatin3 (STRN3) belongs to a family of scaffold proteins, the striatins, which are part of the STRIPAK complex. This complex is known to regulate the phosphatase PP2A, which plays a role in multiple signaling pathways, such as the Hippo pathway and the MAPK cascade. In cancers, STRN3 has been associated with an oncogenic role by modifying the action of PP2A, turning this tumor suppressor protein into an oncogenic protein. Our results show that STRN3 is underexpressed in HB patient cohorts as well as in HB-derived cell lines. The overexpression of STRN3 leads to a decrease in the proliferation of HB-derived cell lines and patient-derived lines (HB-PDX). However, it has no effect on the proliferation of Huh7 cells, a line derived from HCC that carries a wild-type form of β-catenin. This reduction in HB cell line proliferation was confirmed by an irreversible cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, we showed that introducing mutations inhibiting the β-catenin degradation complex in Huh7 cells induces a decrease in their proliferation. Additionally, in Huh7 cells, STRN3 overexpression leads to a reduction in Wnt pathway activity, along with an increase in nuclear YAP/TAZ protein activity corresponding to Hippo pathway inhibition. In contrast, no effect of STRN3 on Wnt and Hippo pathway activity was observed in cell lines carrying mutated forms of β-catenin. Our data suggest that STRN3 acts on the Wnt pathway independently of the β-catenin degradation complex. STRN3 also regulates the Hippo pathway, not by acting on the MST1/2 kinase, but through the β-catenin degradation complex. Furthermore, we sought to determine the impact of CTNNB1 gene mutations found in HB during different stages of liver embryonic development. To this end, we initiated the development of a new embryonic development model in Xenopus, allowing controlled expression of the mutated form of β-catenin found in HB, in order to study the malignant transformation of liver cells. Although the development of this model has not yet been completed due to technical difficulties, it is expected to represent an important step in the study of HB carcinogenesis mechanisms. This thesis contributes to a better understanding of the role of STRN3 in liver cancers, particularly in the modulation of the Wnt and Hippo signaling pathways, as well as in cell cycle regulation.
Research of factors that may influence the qualitative aging of reserve wines
by Sera GOTO (Oenologie)
The defense will take place at 9h00 - amphitheatre Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et Vin Université de Bordeaux 210 Chemin de Leysotte 33140 Villenave d'Ornon
in front of the jury composed of
- Stéphanie MARCHAND - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Chantal MAURY - Directrice de recherche - Ecole Supérieure des Agricultures - Rapporteur
- Maurizio UGLIANO - Professeur - University of Verona Department of Biotechnologie - Rapporteur
- Rémi SCHNEIDER - Directeur de recherche - Oenobrands SAS, - Examinateur
The principal objective of this thesis project is to propose to Maison Veuve Clicquot Ponsardin (VCP) new knowledge concerning the effect of lees during reserve wine aging. The research will address the characterization of lees quality on the aging potential of wines. To do this, it is necessary to: 1/ Chemically characterize the nitrogen composition of the lees, as nitrogen compounds hold a significant share of aromas and precursors key to the qualitative aging of VCP reserve wines. 2/ Measure the effect of oenological practices (e.g. nitrogen inputs in various forms) on the chemical composition of lees as well as VCP base wines. The question of studying reserve wine aging involves a collaboration between the company Maison VCP and the University of Bordeaux, each of which will provide their skills to provide answers to practical but also more fundamental questions. The scientific consortium is composed of: The Institute of Vine and Wine Sciences brings together all the research, training and technology transfer teams from the wine sector of multiple partners on the Bordeaux site. Located in the ISVV, the work will be carried out within the Oenology research unit. Specifically, the project manager will be part of the Wine Quality and Identity axis. The Veuve Clicquot Champagne House's motto is "Only one quality, the finest". The flagship cuvée of the VCP House, the Carte Jaune, is a blend of wines of the vintage (around 60%) and reserve wines (around 40%). The quality and continuity of the style of Maison VCP depends on the wide variety of its reserve wines, stored in stainless steel vats and aged on fine lees. The thesis work will aim to, through fine lees, deepen fundamental knowledge of reserve wines aging. The evident effects of oenological and cultural practices will be explored in order to propose optimizations concerning the reserve wines. Context of the study: Today, Maison VCP aims to continue optimizing reserve wine aging time to increase its production of Carte Jaune. This project is essential as VCP uses up to 40% of reserve wines in its blend to ensure its typicality or "house taste". An increase in production volumes requires identifying and projecting the qualitative optimum of young wines and reserve wines. This involves understanding the parameters that influence their sensory evolution from a chemical point of view while taking into account the practical aspect. We now know that the quality of the fine lees plays a central role in the aging potential of reserve wines. Because compounds such as amino acids and sulfur compounds already present and added to the must during fermentation condition lees quality, a deeper knowledge of their composition in young wines is essential to predict their qualitative aging potential.
ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Study and implementation of a pre-distortion method for power amplifiers using Walsh sequency modeling
by Maxandre FELLMANN (Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système)
The defense will take place at 9h30 - Amphithéâtre Jean-Paul DOM 351 Cours de la Libération, Bâtiment A31 33405 Talence Cedex, France
in front of the jury composed of
- François RIVET - Docteur - Bordeaux INP - Directeur de these
- Patricia DESGREYS - Professeur - Télécom Paris - Rapporteur
- Patrick REYNAERT - Full professor - KU Leuven - Rapporteur
- Antoine FRAPPé - Associate Professor - Junia - Examinateur
- Nathalie DELTIMPLE - Professeur des universités - Bordeaux INP - CoDirecteur de these
- Ramesh HARJANI - Full professor - University of Minnesota Twin Cities - Examinateur
- Yann DEVAL - Professeur des universités - Bordeaux INP - Examinateur
- Eric KERHERVé - Professeur - Bordeaux INP - Examinateur
The 5th Generation (5G) of communications offers very high data rates by using multiple carrier frequencies simultaneously in the 617MHz to 5GHz band. The main challenge is to make an intelligent aggregation of carriers without increasing the power consumption by considering the constraints of multi standards, resolution, speed, integration. We propose a disruptive technology solution of a high speed intelligent multipurpose transceiver integrated in a nanometer FDSOI CMOS technology. The research hypothesis is based on the design of an innovative architecture using mathematical approaches from Walsh series theory and Compress Sensing. We propose to realize a new method of linearization of the power amplifier in order to allow the power amplifier to operate as close as possible to its compression point in order to maximize its power efficiency and to decrease the power consumption of the RF transmission chain. We will propose a methodology for modeling the dynamic behavior of the PA from polynomial models and Volterra series in order to pre-distort the signal through Walsh coefficients. This methodology will be applied to the linearization of a broadband AP for the high band of 5G between 3.5 and 5GHz. It will allow a correction of the signal during its generation in the Walsh basis. A calibration phase of the coefficients will be necessary and we will study the relevance of servoing the system in real time, by evaluating the trade-off between performance (linearity improvement) and cost (energy impact and silicon surface). The system will be integrated in latest generation silicon technology and measured on the NANOCOM platform in order to experimentally validate the relevance of the proposed method.
ED Sciences et environnements
Metabolomic insights on the agricultural chemical stress/impact relationship on photosynthesis in freshwater biofilms
by Arthur MEDINA (EABX - Écosystèmes aquatiques et changements globaux)
The defense will take place at 9h30 - Amphithéâtre Amphithéâtre INRAE INRAE, 50 avenue de Verdun 33610 Cestas France
in front of the jury composed of
- Nicolas CREUSOT - Chargé de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- SEVERINE LE FAUCHEUR - Professeur associé - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - Rapporteur
- Guillaume MARTI - Professeur associé - Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse III - Rapporteur
- FREDERIQUE COURANT - Professeure des universités - Université de Montpellier - Examinateur
- CEDRIC HUBAS - Professeur - Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (MNHN) - Examinateur
- Patrice GONZALEZ - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The increasing chemical contamination of the environment by micropollutants represents a risk to ecosystems and their functions. Aquatic microbial communities in contact with these contaminants, such as periphyton, are increasingly used in ecotoxicology to assess the effects of environmental stress at higher levels of biological organization, which are more representative of ecosystems. Despite growing interest in their study due to the functions and roles they play (e.g., primary production, detoxification), there is still a lack of knowledge about the temporal dynamics of their sensitivity to chemical stress and the molecular mechanisms underlying photosynthesis impairment. This work aims to fill these gaps by investigating the fluctuations in periphyton sensitivity to an herbicide over time, examining both meta-metabolome and photosynthesis responses within periphyton. Additionally, this study also explores the relationship between these responses and community structure, as well as their modulation by environmental factors in both natural conditions and under short- and long-term chemical stress. The results suggest a fluctuation in periphyton sensitivity over time, with higher sensitivity of the meta-metabolome compared to photosynthesis, and significant changes in metabolite classes (such as lipids and amino acids) occurring before physiological modifications. Furthermore, this work identified, through correlation networks and multi-block statistical analyses, seven factors modulating periphyton's molecular, physiological, and structural dynamics throughout the year in natural conditions. In the second phase, the analyses identified three distinct levels of sensitivity in the meta-metabolome's response to chemical stress, influenced by specific environmental factors and taxonomic groups. These results highlight the importance of considering the temporal variability and initial state of periphyton when assessing its response to chemical stress.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
DISTANCE LEARNING AND GAMIFIED LEARNING: IDENTIFYING FACTORS FOR SUCCESS AT UNIVERSITY
by Florian LARONZE (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Amphi Denucé Bâtiment Q en rez-de-chaussée 3 ter place de la Victoire 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Bernard N'KAOUA - Professeur des universités - Bordeaux Population Health, équipe ACTIVE - Directeur de these
- André TRICOT - Professeur des universités - Laboratoire de Psychologie, EPSYLON - Rapporteur
- Stéphanie MATHEY - Professeure des universités - Laboratoire de Psychologie, Cognition et Cognition Sociale - Examinateur
- Philippe DESSUS - Professeur des universités - LaRAC - Labortatoire de Recherche sur les Apprentissages en Contexte - Rapporteur
Recently, the President of France Université emphasised that ‘the ultimate objective of the French university is to integrate those who want to enrol and to ensure that they succeed'. Certainly exacerbated by the major health crisis caused by the Covid-19 pandemic, a high proportion of students are experiencing serious difficulties, with significant repercussions for their mental health. In addition, just over a quarter of students enrolled on a Licence degree complete their three-year programme. Given these facts, the need for a better understanding of the factors that determine success at university is a major challenge for our society. Also associated with the health crisis, the practice of distance learning, and in particular its synchronous mode (e.g. Zoom), has boomed worldwide and seems destined to become a common mode of learning. Coupled with this development of distance learning, but also with the technological revolution and pedagogical considerations aimed at encouraging student engagement during lessons, recent years have also seen the rise of digital and gamified teaching tools (e.g. mobile quiz applications, virtual reality environments for educational purposes, etc.). In this general context, the aim of my thesis is to gain a better understanding of the impact of distance learning and gamified digital tools on academic success (e.g. emotions felt, motivation, grades, etc.). As part of the national ‘Université Atypie Friendly' project, which aims to promote the academic inclusion of young adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder, this thesis will also seek to identify the most relevant digital tools and pedagogical practices for this specific audience.