ED Mathématiques et Informatique
Numerical methods on medical images for per-operative dose evaluation in electroporation ablation
by Eloïse INACIO (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle Ada Lovelace 200 Av. de la Vieille Tour, 33405 Talence
in front of the jury composed of
- Baudouin DENIS DE SENNEVILLE - Directeur de recherche - CNRS - Directeur de these
- Clair POIGNARD - Directeur de recherche - INRIA - CoDirecteur de these
- Abdallah EL HAMIDI - Enseignant-Chercheur (ENAC, ISAE) - La Rochelle Université - Rapporteur
- François CORNELIS - Professor - Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center - Rapporteur
- Damien VOYER - Enseignant-Chercheur (ENAC, ISAE) - EIGSI - Examinateur
- Amandine CROMBE - Professeure des universités - praticienne hospitalière - CHU Pellegrin - Examinateur
As life expectancy rises, cancer has tragically become one of the world's leading causes of death. Among the most challenging cancers are deep-seated tumors, which are difficult to treat due to their location in vital organs like the liver or the pancreas. A promising method to tackle these tumors is electroporation ablation, which uses electric fields to create pores in the cell membranes of tumor cells. When applied with high intensity, this results in irreversible electroporation, leading to cell death without damaging nearby structures. However, electroporation requires precise planning and real-time adaptation due to its complexity. This involves numerical tools to analyze medical images and estimate the treatment area. The aim of this work is to provide numerical tools, analysing medical images, to per-operatively estimate the treatment area so that the interventional radiologist may adapt their approach as they are performing the procedure. More specifically, we tackle the localisation of the electrode by introducing deep learning in the existing pipeline, and the registration of the multiple scans captured during the intervention with novel auto-adaptive boundary conditions. Both computer vision tasks are crucial for a precise estimation of the electric field and need to be solved in near real time to be practical in clinical settings. These advancements in computer vision and image processing contribute to more accurate electric field estimation and improve the overall effectiveness of the procedure, leading to better patient outcomes for those battling deep-seated cancers.
ED Sciences Chimiques
Design and fabrication of reconfigurable flat and ultrathin acoustic lenses for the manipulation of ultrasonic waves
by Simon COLANGES (Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre du CRPP CRPP, 115 Avenue du Dr Albert Schweitzer, 33600, Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Olivier MONDAIN-MONVAL - Professeur des universités - CRPP - Directeur de these
- Caroline DEREC - Maîtresse de conférences - Université Paris Cité - Rapporteur
- Sophie MONGE-DARCOS - Professeure des universités - ICGM - Rapporteur
- Artem KOVALENKO - Chargé de recherche - ESPCI - Examinateur
- Cécile ZAKRI - Professeure des universités - CRPP - Examinateur
- Thomas BRUNET - Maître de conférences - I2M - CoDirecteur de these
The purpose of this thesis is to develop new reconfigurable and recyclable materials for acoustics. The general idea is to provide a material with acoustic functionalities that can be modified by the application of an external stimulus, thus ensuring its versatility. The materials targeted in this project are flat acoustic lenses in the form of ultrathin films (also referred to as “acoustic metasurfaces”). In this study, we aim to locally modify the value of the sound speed by controlling the crosslinking of a soft and porous polymer matrix through the application of a UV stimulus of adjustable intensity. To this end, we grafted UV-sensitive chemical functions (cinnamoyl groups) onto various polymer backbones (polybutadiene, polycaryophyllene, polydimethylsiloxane) and measured the evolution of mechanical properties as a function of UV illumination time. Our results show that the mechanical and acoustical properties of materials can be significantly modified by the application of this stimulus at ultrasonic frequencies of interest for acoustic imaging. We were thus able to produce ultra-thin, flat and tunable acoustic lenses for ultrasonic focusing.
Development of copper-based nanowires for next-generation transparent electrodes
by Andela KRIZAN (ICMCB - Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Amphithéâtre ICMCB – UMR5026 87, Avenue du Docteur Schweitzer 33608 PESSAC cedex (France)
in front of the jury composed of
- Mona TREGUER-DELAPIERRE - Professeure des universités - ICMCB, Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Riccardo FERRANDO - Full professor - University of Genova - Rapporteur
- David PORTEHAULT - Directeur de recherche - LCMCP, Sorbonne University - Rapporteur
- Daniel BELLET - Professeur des universités - LMGP, Grenoble INP - Université Grenoble Alpes - Examinateur
- Thierry TOUPANCE - Professeur des universités - ISM, Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Matthias PAULY - Professeur des universités - Faculté de Chimie, Université de Strasbourg - Examinateur
- Guillaume VIAU - Professeur des universités - LCPNO, INSA TOULOUSE - Examinateur
This thesis is devoted to studying randomly-percolated copper nanowire (NW) networks as an alternative transparent conductive material (TCM) to be used in various devices for the forthcoming ‘post-Si' electronics era: flat-planel displays, light-emitting diodes, touch screens, flexible solar cells, etc. Metallic nanowires combining tunable optical and excellent electrical properties appear the most promising next-generation of conducting material with the high potential to replace traditional electrode materials, such as indium tin oxide (ITO). The latter exhibits good physical properties and is used for many applications. However, the scarcity of indium, the high cost of the required vacuum-deposition tools and the lack of flexibility of ITO has prompted the search for alternative materials. We focus on the design and the synthesis of copper-based nanowires and explore different approaches to enhance the performances of metallic nanowire networks in term of conductivity, transmittance and stability. The properties of metallic nanowire networks are investigated by multi-scale characterization. The multi scale characterization approaches allow to link nanoscale features to macroscopic functionalities. General overview of Cu-based NWs as very promising nanoscale TCMs from fundamental and applied view points are presented in Chapter 1. An innovative one-port synthesis method for the synthesis of copper-nickel core-shell nanostructures is introduced in Chapter 2. The approach yields high-aspect-ratio NWs with a uniform Ni shell. The Ni content can be systematically varied to control the shell thickness and its associated properties. Chapter 3 explores the potential of the thin oxide layer forms in air after NW deposition to produce stable transparent conductive networks through a sputtering method. An exothermic reaction between nickel oxide and hydrazine simultaneously joins and welds junctions between overlapping nanowires. This post-treatment remarkably improves NW contacts and reduces junction resistance by up to four orders of magnitude, greatly improving the electrical conductivity of the network. Notably, this reduction in junction resistance occurs at room temperature without damaging the NWs, marking a crucial advancement for high-performance flexible TEs with record stability of over two years. This breakthrough, combined with the NWs' mechanical flexibility, positions Cu@Ni as a competitive alternative to ITO in flexible electronics. Studies of the development of metal oxide nano-coatings with optimized features are reported in Chapter 4. The conditions for coating Cu nanowires with F- or Sb- doped shell layers thanks to liquid routes have been explored. The as-obtained nanocomposites appear promising to achieve high transparency and lateral conductivity. This thesis concludes that copper nanowire networks are an excellent prospect as TCM to replace ITO in a more sustainable way: these materials coupled with metal or metal oxide can have comparable electro-optical properties.
ED Droit
The legal and tax framework for SMEs in French law and in the OHADA space
by Clément SENOU (INSTITUT DE RECHERCHE EN DROIT DES AFFAIRES ET DU PATRIMOINE)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Salle des thèses 16, avenue Léon Duguit, 33608 Pessac Cedex
in front of the jury composed of
- Ronan RAFFRAY - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Souleymane TOÉ - Professeur - Université Thomas Sankara - CoDirecteur de these
- Florence DEBOISSY - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Jean-Christophe PAGNUCCO - Professeur - Université de Caen - Rapporteur
- Wendkouni Judicaël DJIGUEMDÉ - Professeur - Université Thomas Sankara - Examinateur
- Sandrine TISSEYRE - Professeur - Université Toulouse Capitole - Rapporteur
For a long time, the law was seen as a river that would flow towards large companies to the detriment of SMEs because of its inflexibility. Today, this situation seems to have changed, as the special nature of small businesses is gradually being recognised in both French and OHADA law. This recognition is reflected, in particular, in the application to them of a number of special regimes, the avowed aim of which is to protect them in view of their vulnerability and their importance to the economy. In this respect, a study of the legal and tax framework for SMEs makes it possible, firstly, to test the effectiveness of the major legal mechanisms put in place to limit the professional risk of these entrepreneurs. Even though this seems to be much clearer in OHADA law than in French law, it is clear that in both legislations, these mechanisms are often inadequate, or even non-existent when they are most needed. Secondly, the study highlights the inadequacy of the financial environment for SMEs, which can still be improved. In terms of taxation, the preferential regimes applicable to French SMEs should be enacted with a concern for harmony and geared primarily towards protecting these structures and promoting investment. What is more, in the OHADA area, the specific characteristics of informal sector actors and the shortcomings of the tax system should be sufficiently taken into account with a view to improving cooperation between the tax authorities and African SMEs. Furthermore, SMEs' access to finance could be facilitated by improving traditional methods of financing and by promoting new methods of financing such as private equity and crowdfunding.
Legal garantees for patients against drug shortages
by Louise COLLIAT-DANGUS (INSTITUT LÉON DUGUIT)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - 1K Pôle juridique et judiciaire, 35 Place Pey-Berland, 33000 BORDEAUX
in front of the jury composed of
- Cécile CASTAING - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Isabelle POIROT-MAZERES - Professeur des universités - Toulouse Capitole 1 - Rapporteur
- Hélène VAN DEN BRINK - Professeur des universités - Université Paris-Saclay - Rapporteur
- Nathalie DE GROVE-VALDEYRON - Professeure des universités - Université Toulouse Capitole 1 - Examinateur
- Laurent BLOCH - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The Covid-19 health crisis revealed the existence of drug supply shortages in France. However, this is not a new phenomenon exponential growth since the late 2010s, making it a major public health issue.To deal with this new kind of health risk, legislator intervened as early as 2012 to build a legal framework around a triptych “prevention, declaration, management”. The aim of this work is to analyze its effectiveness and limitations, but also its prospects in the light of the Europeanization of the fight against drug supply shortages. In 2023, 37% of French people said they had experienced a drug supply disruption, yet no compensation claims. Secondly, the aim is to determine whether the lack of recourse is the result of liability rules being ill-adapted to the damage suffered by patients. To this end, we will analyze the various legal grounds on which patients can obtain compensation for the harm they have suffered.
ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
Genomic and immunological landscape of metastatic soft-tissue sarcomas
by Mariella SPALATO CERUSO (BoRdeaux Institute of onCology)
The defense will take place at 12h30 - Salle de Réunion 7ème étage Institut Bergonié Bâtiment G 229 Cours de l'Argonne 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Antoine ITALIANO - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Laurence BIANCHINI - Docteure - IRCAN - Institut de Recherche sur le Cancer et le Vieillissement (INSERM U 1081 - CNRS UMR7284) - Rapporteur
- François BERTUCCI - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Institut Paoli-Calmettes - Rapporteur
- Jacques Olivier BAY - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - CHU de Clermont-Ferrand - Hôpital d'Estaing - Examinateur
Soft tissue sarcomas (STS) are a heterogeneous group of rare tumors, accounting for approximately 1% of adult malignancies and 15% of pediatric cancers. Close to 50% of patients diagnosed with sarcoma will die because of distant metastases, in which ongoing mutational processes and selective treatment pressure can result in altered molecular characteristics. The genetic and immunological landscapes of the most aggressive STS and their metastases remain poorly understood. Given their clinical complexity and their lethality, there is an urgent need to identify mechanisms driving metastatic progression and to discover new therapeutic targets to improve patient outcomes. Besides their rarity, an important difficulty in conducting STS studies is that these tumors include around 120 histological subtypes, each of which with distinct biological, molecular, and clinical behaviors. To advance STS research, preclinical and clinical studies must stratify tumors by histology. That is the reason why, in this project, we focused our attention on undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (UPS), one of most common and aggressive STS subtype lacking clear differentiation markers, and with the poorest survival rates. We analyzed paired primary and metastatic STS samples from 68 patients treated at Bergonié Institut between 1990 and 2020, and we successively focused on the cohort of 13 UPS patients. Spatial transcriptomic analyses revealed key differences in tumor microenvironment, immune cell infiltration, and metastatic pathways, showing that metastases exhibited significant upregulation of hypoxia, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and glycolysis, along with reduced CD8+ T cell infiltration compared to primary tumors. RNAsequencing was used to identify differentially expressed genes linked to metastatic progression and representing potential therapeutic targets. In this way, adenosine A2B receptor (ADORA2B) was highlighted as a key gene in metastatic progression with a negative prognostic value in large sarcoma cohorts in terms of local relapse- and metastases-free survival, as well as overall survival. Functional in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 knockout studies and in vivo experiments in UPS xenograft mouse models explored the role of ADORA2B in metastatic setting. Knockout of ADORA2B in UPS cell lines reduced the capacity of proliferation, migration, and invasion, as well as the expression of metalloproteases (MMP1, MMP2), as well as angiogenesis. In vivo, silencing ADORA2B significantly inhibited primary tumor growth and metastasis formation. Our transcriptomic analyses revealed other potential targets in UPS metastatic progression. We validated a second target, SERPINE1, also displaying a strong prognostic value, and a pivotal role in UPS evolution, in term of cells proliferation, migration, and invasion. Consequently, silencing SERPINE1 in UPS reduced tumor proliferation and metastasis in vivo. In conclusion, in this study we demonstrated that genetic and immunologic differences between primary and metastatic UPS exist, and we identified potential therapeutic targets for metastatic disease. We showed that ADORA2B plays a critical role in UPS metastasis by promoting cell migration, matrix remodeling, and angiogenesis. Targeting ADORA2B offers a promising therapeutic approach for limiting metastatic progression in UPS. Moreover, other targets, such as SERPINE1, may provide additional opportunities for treatment in this aggressive sarcoma subtype. Finally, we identified differential expressed genes also in paired primary and metastatic samples of leiomyosarcoma and liposarcoma patients; so, our transcriptomic database also will serve as a valuable resource for identifying novel targets across the most frequent STS subtypes, opening new avenues for therapeutic development in STS management.
Experimental evolution of the wine-associated lactic acid bacteria species Oenococcus oeni in extreme environments: applications to selection of improved malolactic starters.
by Florencia OVIEDO HERNANDEZ (Oenologie)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre ISVV Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et Vin - 210 Chemin de Leysotte CS50008 - 33882 Villenave d'Ornon
in front of the jury composed of
- Claire LE HENAFF - Professeure - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Stéphanie DESROCHE-WEIDMANN - Professeure - UMR Procédés Alimentaires et Microbiologiques (PAM) Equipe Aliment Fermentation Interaction Microbiote (AFIM) Institut Universitaire de la Vigne et du Vin (IUVV) - Rapporteur
- Xavier BELLANGER - Maître de conférences - UMR 7564 CNRS - Université de Lorraine - Examinateur
- Mireille ANSALDI - Directrice de recherche - Laboratoire de Chimie Bactérienne-UMR7283 CNRS-Aix Mairseille Université - Rapporteur
- Remi FRONZES - Directeur de recherche - UMR 5234 CNRS/université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
In the production of wine, alcoholic fermentation (AF) is carried out by the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, transforming the sugars in grape juice into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Additionally, malolactic fermentation (MLF) occurs in most high-quality red wines and some white wines, driven by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). Oenococcus oeni is the predominant LAB species in winemaking because it is best adapted to the challenging wine environment, which includes nutrient scarcity, high ethanol concentrations, low pH, and the presence of polyphenols and sulfur dioxide (SO₂). Heritable hypermutation is described in O. oeni and is mainly due to alterations in methyl-directed mismatch repair. This increase in mutation rates enhances the bacteria's ability to become resistant to stress. Frequent mutations, along with horizontal gene transfer, are likely key drivers of O. oeni's rapid adaptation to the fluctuating environments encountered during winemaking. However, studying the traits and evolutionary dynamics that contribute to the adaptive diversity of O. oeni populations is challenging in spontaneous fermentations. This is due to the complex landscape of biotic and abiotic stressors throughout fermentation. Additionally, changing climate conditions have exacerbated these inhibitory factors, resulting in higher ethanol content, elevated sugar levels, and altered polyphenolic profiles. The interplay of these factors, along with the use of new grape varieties and non-uniform winemaking practices, is likely to shape the unique bacterial selection process during MLF. The objective of this work is to better understand the selective pressures on O. oeni and link genetic variations of the favored genotypes to wine variables and cellar practices. In the first chapter, molecular typing of the dominant strains responsible for MLF was conducted in wines subjected to different combinations of three main stressors: ethanol, pH, and polyphenolic compounds. Genome sequencing provided insights into the genomic relatedness of co-resident strains in the wines and allowed for inferences about the ecological significance of specific functions within strain lineages and distinct wine compositions, which are critical to understand MLF dynamics and efficiency. In the second chapter, selected strains from diverse origins were assembled into a consortium, and their development was assessed in difficult white and red wines upon AF, offering insights into interactions at the infra-species level and diversity during MLF. Lastly, the biotic pressure exerted by strictly lytic O. oeni phages was explored through co-evolutionary experiments under laboratory conditions, shedding light on the phage-host attachment in O. oeni, further exploring the possible strategies that the bacterium develop under this antagonistic relationship. Overall, we employed various approaches to deepen our understanding of the pressures faced by O. oeni. As winemakers increasingly rely on robust commercial bacterial strains to ensure successful MLF, our findings may contribute to the development of new strategies for selecting MLF starters better suited for fermenting wines with complex and challenging compositions. Key words: wine; malolactic fermentation; Oenococcus oeni; evolution; genomics; bacteriophages.
Role of VvCRF4 transcription factor in grapevine thermotolerance: characterization and response to heat
by Cécile PREVOT (Ecophysiologie et Génomique Fonctionnelle de la Vigne)
The defense will take place at 9h00 - Amphithéâtre de l'ISVV Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin. 210, chemin de Leysotte CS 50008 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
in front of the jury composed of
- Fatma OUAKED-LECOURIEUX - Chargée de recherche - EGFV - Directeur de these
- Isabelle GAILLARD - Directrice de recherche - Institut des Sciences des Plantes (IPSIM) - Rapporteur
- Markus RIENTH - Professeur - Haute école de viticulture - Rapporteur
- Sylvain LA CAMéRA - Professeur des universités - Laboratoire d'Ecologie et Biologie des Interactions (EBI) - Examinateur
- Frédéric DELMAS - Maître de conférences - Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie (BFP) - Examinateur
In the context of climate change, understanding the mechanisms by which vines adapt to the increasing frequency of heat waves is crucial for maintaining vine growth. Identifying key genes involved in the heat stress response is of paramount importance to promote grapevine adaptation and maintain grape quality. Such genes can also be used as molecular markers for breeding heat-tolerant varieties. Among these genes, transcription factors play a pivotal role in the regulation of heat stress responses, despite their incomplete characterization. The present thesis focuses on the involvement of VvCRF4, a transcription factor belonging to the AP2-ERF family, which is induced by high temperatures and plays a key role in grapevine thermotolerance. Using a transgenic approach in microvines, we demonstrated that VvCRF4 overexpression significantly improves thermotolerance. In addition, a combination of transcriptomic, cistromic and metabolomic approaches enabled the identification of genes and metabolic pathways associated with VvCRF4 activation under high temperatures. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying grapevine's response to heat stress, and open up new prospects for developing more resilient grapevine varieties to face the challenges raised by climate change
ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Common dynamic situation representation for collaborative avionics
by Thomak LEDUC (Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - O108 ENSC, 109 Av. Roul, 33400 TALENCE
in front of the jury composed of
- Benoît LE BLANC - Professeur des universités - ENSC - Directeur de these
- Bernard CLAVERIE - Professeure émérite - ENSC - CoDirecteur de these
- Franck RENUCCI - Professeur des universités - Institut mediterranéen des sciences de l'information et de la communication [IMSIC] - Rapporteur
- Jean-Christophe SARRAZIN - Directeur de recherche - ONERA - Rapporteur
- Catherine SEMAL - Professeur des universités - ENSC - Examinateur
- Nicolas LOUVETON - Maître de conférences - Université de Poitiers - Examinateur
Our work is in the field of collaborative avionics. This avionics framework aims to support a new type of assistance between humans and "intelligent systems", in order to improve collaboration. In other words, the aim is to make it easier to synthesise the context, distribute the work more effec-tively by limiting the operator's mental workload, be better able to anticipate any constraints or ob-stacles, and act in a coordinated way in an effective human-machine relationship. In so-called collabo-rative avionics, the humans involved have very specific roles: aircrew, air traffic control operators, drone pilots, etc. They need to work together to collect data quickly and efficiently. They have to work together to rapidly gather information from multiple and heterogeneous sources, and make sense of it in the context of their respective tasks. The challenge is to give coherence to all this dispersed in-formation, while at the same time providing a representation of the situation required by each pro-fession. This work updates the concept of common dynamic representation of the situation. Some work has already put forward this concept under the name of Common Relevant Operational Picture (CROP). To co-construct a shared representation of the situation, it is necessary to ensure a continu-ous exchange of information to keep each operator's situational awareness up to date. However, these exchanges are often threatened by the voluminous amount of information that each operator has to process, and by the strong time pressure they have to carry out their task. In addition, infor-mation and knowledge are generally distributed between people, objects, tools and the environment. These challenges lead to a reduction in the quality and speed of decision-making, often with adverse consequences for safety, or even catastrophic consequences for the successful completion of the task.
ATTENTION MECHANISM IN DEEP LEARNING FOR IMAGE MATCHING
by Matthieu VILAIN (Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphi J.P.DOM A0.85 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 Talence Cedex, France
in front of the jury composed of
- Yannick BERTHOUMIEU - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Hazem WANNOUS - Professeur - IMT LIlle-Douai - Rapporteur
- Renaud PETERI - Associate Professor - MIA laboratory - Rapporteur
- Christian GERMAIN - Professeur - Bordeaux Sciences Agro - Examinateur
Image matching is a fundamental problem in computer vision that aims to establish 2D correspondences between two images with partial overlap. This problem can become particularly challenging due to perspective changes, variations in lighting, or occlusions. Recently, these difficulties have been partially overcome by deep neural networks using attention mechanisms (Transformers). In the first part, we present the general context of image matching, discussing evaluation metrics, available datasets, and different paradigms, while introducing the attention mechanism. We show that integrating this mechanism is particularly well-suited for modeling complex relationships between two images, thus overcoming some of the limitations of Siamese networks. In the second part, we focus on semi-dense approaches. These state-of-the-art methods, which also use networks with attention mechanisms, are mostly evaluated based on relative pose estimation metrics between the images. In this section, we explore the link between these methods' ability to establish correspondences and the accuracy of the estimated pose. Finally, in the last part, we address the problem of dense matching, where the goal is to establish correspondences for every unoccluded pixel. Using an attention mechanism at the pixel level is a significant challenge due to its computational complexity. We propose to incorporate this mechanism into a hierarchical beam search method, allowing the network to benefit from pixel-wise attention while maintaining reasonable computational complexity.
NEURAL NETWORK BASED MODEL PREDICTIVE CONTROL FOR AN OPTIMAL PHOTOVOLTAIC ENERGY SELF-CONSUMPTION
by Irati ZAPIRAIN ZUAZO (ESTIA-Recherche)
The defense will take place at 10h30 - Guillermo Martinez room Europa Plaza, 1, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Gipuzkoa (España)
in front of the jury composed of
- Matilde SANTOS PEÑA - Professeure des universités - Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM) - Examinateur
- Maider SANTOS-MUGICA - Directrice de recherche - Tecnalia Research & Innovation - Examinateur
- Aitzol EZEIZA RAMOS - Associate Professor - Universidad del País Vasco / Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea - Examinateur
- Tudor-Bogdan AIRIMITOAIE - Associate Professor - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Najiba MRABET BELLAAJ - Professeure des universités - University of Tunis El Manar - Examinateur
Digitisation and decentralisation are two key concepts guiding and driving the energy transition, a fundamental shift towards decarbonising our energy systems. These trends are encouraging the transformation of energy systems into cleaner, more sustainable and efficient models. Among the various approaches emerging in this context, self-consumption (SC) of photovoltaic (PV) energy has gained significant attention as a viable strategy to enhance decentralised electricity generation and consumption. Self-consumption facilitates the integration of renewable energy sources (RES), contributing to the decarbonisation of the energy mix. A key enabler in this context are Energy Management Systems (EMS), which provide the necessary technological framework to effectively manage energy flows within a CSC scheme. EMS can act on flexible loads (FLs) to adapt the consumption curve, so that it follows the PV production curve as closely as possible. The objective of this PhD Thesis is to develop a Model Predictive Control (MPC) type EMS applied to a real building within a SC framework. The optimisation-based EMS is designed to control the heating ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) system of a building by adjusting the set point temperature in order to maximise the self-consumption rate (SCR), ensuring occupant thermal comfort and minimising computational cost. The scientific literature shows that integrating predictions into an EMS can improve its performance. In this work, the EMS forecasts, one day ahead, (1) the building's energy consumption without considering the consumption of the HVAC system, and (2) the PV production of the SC. To make both predictive models computationally less demanding, predictive models based on the nonlinear autoregressive with exogenous inputs (NARX) neural network have been proposed, a simple type of machine learning model that has been trained with a reduced dataset. Additionally, the MPC uses linear models of the building's thermal behaviour and heat pumps. The thermal model represents the building's thermal dynamics. A NARX model trained with excitation tests data has been designed to capture the non-linearities of the HVAC system. The NARX has been linearized at operation points of interest to minimise the computational cost of the MPC. Finally, the linear NARX models have been compared to a linear model identified with the excitation tests data. This Thesis concludes by the development of the EMS optimisation problem and the validation of its performance by the increase in SCR achieved.
AMBIENT SEISMIC NOISE IN KARSTIC CONTEXTS: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE STUDY OF SHALLOW UNDERGROUND FLOWS
by Axelle PANTIGA (I2M - Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - L'auditorium de l'ensegid 1 allée Fernand Daguin 33607 Pessac.
in front of the jury composed of
- Alain DENIS - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Clarisse BORDES - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - Examinateur
- Alexandrine GESRET - Maîtresse de conférences - Mines ParisTech - Rapporteur
- Catherine BERTRAND - Professeure des universités - Université de Franche-Comté - Examinateur
- Véronique LEONARDI - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Roger GUERIN - Professeur - Sorbonne Université - Examinateur
The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the potential of ambient seismic noise for the analysis of karstic flows as a complement to a hydrogeological study. This work focuses on the Glane spring, located on the north-eastern edge of the Aquitaine basin. Its complex karstic geomorphology makes it vulnerable to anthropogenic pollution. The hydrogeological functioning of the spring was first studied using a hydrodynamic and hydrochemical approach. The site was instrumented to record seismic noise over more than 2 years, using surface-mounted seismometers. The hydrodynamic response varies during the hydrological cycle, from a few hours in winter to a few days in summer. It remains very rapid despite the size of the unsaturated zone, due to a strong hierarchy of flows in the system ensuring the drainage of infiltrated water. Despite the unfavorable anthropogenic environment, in-depth analysis of the seismic signal was carried out and seismic correlation methods were explored to provide information on the water status of the system. The results show an increase in seismic amplitude of 1 to 3 dB for flow rates ranging from 0.15 to over 5 m3/s in the conduit located at a depth of 10 meters. Long-term variations in the baseline noise level were also detected over two hydrological cycles, possibly associated with recharge and discharge processes. Reservoir modelling is used to quantify water levels in the system, in order to establish links with seismic velocity variations in the environment.
ED Sciences et environnements
Innovative molecular techniques to study the Southern Ocean soft-tissue marine biological pump
by Manon SABOURDY (Environnements et Paléoenvironnements Océaniques et Continentaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre B du bâtiment A29 Amphithéâtre B du bâtiment A29 Allée Geoffroy Saint Hilaire, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Xavier CROSTA - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Johan ETOURNEAU - Maître de conférences - EPHE - CoDirecteur de these
- Hugues GOOSSE - Professeur - Université catholique de Louvain - Rapporteur
- Ludwig JARDILLIER - Professeur - Université Paris-Saclay - Rapporteur
- Frédérique EYNAUD - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Vincent GROSSI - Directeur de recherche - Institut Méditerranéen d'Océanologie - Rapporteur
The biological pump of the Southern Ocean (BPSO) is a key component of a highly sensitive and rapidly changing food web. It also serves as an efficient mechanism for sequestering anthropogenic CO₂. Over past climate cycles, it has played a critical role in regulating atmospheric CO₂ concentrations. Despite its importance, the future of the BPSO remains uncertain, given the discrepancies between various projections for the coming century. This uncertainty largely stems from the limited data available beyond the instrumental record, which for the Antarctic region only spans the last few decades and the lack of previous studies on soft-tissue phytoplankton communities (non-fossilizable) in past environmental contexts. It is therefore essential to study past climate archives to better understand the evolution of the BPSO and its relationship with oceanic, atmospheric, and sea-ice conditions over the past millennia. For the first time, ancient sedimentary DNA (sedaDNA) sequences combined with lipid biomarker data offer insight into the distribution and evolution of phytoplankton communities in relation to environmental conditions in the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) region during the Holocene. The soft-tissue phytoplankton identified primarily belong to the divisions Stramenopiles, Cryptophytes, and Chlorophytes, with regional and temporal variations. From the early to mid-Holocene (8,000 to 4,000 years BP), conditions were generally warmer, leading to open ocean zones where primary production was dominated by diatoms (85-95% of the total phytoplankton), with a significant proportion of Cryptophytes (~50%) among the soft-bodied organisms. Over the past 4,000 years BP, ocean conditions showed cooling and an extension of the sea-ice season. Primary productivity increased, primarily driven by higher siliceous productivity, with diatom abundances exceeding 95% of total phytoplankton, while the contribution of soft-tissue phytoplankton decreased but became more diverse with the emergence of Chlorophytes alongside Cryptophytes. The study of the last millennium revealed a transition from natural conditions to an environment altered by current climate changes. The last 1,000 years BP were relatively cold, often associated with strong sea-ice conditions. Primary productivity declined, accompanied by a reduction in diatom contributions and an increase in soft-tissue organisms' role in carbon export to sediments. Finally, since 1850 CE (the post-industrial period), warming sea subsurface temperatures (by 0.3 ± 0.6°C) and reduced winter sea-ice cover have led to a sharp increase in the proportion of Cryptophytes (+10%) at the expense of diatoms. In this context, phytoplankton community compositions have already begun to change and now resemble those observed during the mid-Holocene. If this trend continues, diatoms could be progressively replaced by soft-tissue organisms, which are less efficient at exporting organic carbon to sediments, thereby reducing the long-term CO₂ sequestration capacity of the BPSO in the Antarctic Peninsula region.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
Ecosystemic Approach of Self-Construction in Children with High Intellectual Potential (HPI) and Parental Experiences of Fathers and Mothers.
by Florianne CAMPALA (Laboratoire de Psychologie)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre Denucé Université de Bordeaux 3ter Pl. de la Victoire 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Véronique ROUYER - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Amélie COURTINAT-CAMPS - Professeure des universités - Université de Toulouse - Rapporteur
- Line MASSE - Professeure - Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières - Rapporteur
- Jacques GREGOIRE - Professeur émérite - Université du Louvain - Examinateur
The self-construction of gifted individuals (HPI) has mainly been studied in adolescents, particularly in the school context (Courtinat-Camps and De Leonardis, 2006), and there are few studies focusing on self-perceptions in school-aged gifted children, especially within the family context. Moreover, gifted children often face behaviors that can increase parental stress: experiencing apprehension related to schooling and fearing potential failure, which can fuel a sense of isolation and a lack of specialized resources to address these challenges (Brault-Labbé et al., 2023). However, studies on parental perceptions in the context of giftedness are rare, especially those considering both fathers' and mothers' perspectives, without neglecting the temporal dimension and the complex interactions within the family system. Using a developmental approach rooted in Bronfenbrenner's model (1994), the aim of this thesis is to study the evolution of self-construction in children identified as gifted or not, and parental experiences (both father and mother) with a longitudinal approach over three points in the year. The first objective is to understand how self-construction evolves by considering the child's status (identified as gifted or not) and the influence of their environment (family, school). We also examine the representations that parents and children have of giftedness and how these evolve. The second objective is to explore the parental experiences of fathers and mothers (parental efficacy and coping strategies) over time. To achieve these objectives, we conducted a qualitative and longitudinal study with 6 families (children aged between 6 and 9, both father and mother), who were first received at the psychologist's office for an evaluation of the child's intelligence, followed by an interview with each family member, to potentially identify giftedness. The children's self-perception was assessed using Harter's PCSC, Perceived Competence Scale for Children (Bettayeb, 2017), and their parents' perception of their child was evaluated through the HIPIC questionnaire (Hierarchical Personality Inventory for Children, Quartier, Rossier, and Bouvard, 2011). Two weeks later, feedback on the child's evaluation was provided. Then, twice (three months and six months after this feedback), new individual interviews were conducted with all family members, along with the administration of the questionnaires. The data analysis highlights that the concept of self and its evolution in children identified as gifted differs significantly from that of non-gifted children. Parental experiences change over time: initially marked by anxiety and uncertainty, they evolve towards greater confidence in their roles, through the coping strategies developed to face the challenges of parenting, linked to their children's schooling and characteristics. In conclusion, this research underscores the importance of considering both fathers' and mothers' perceptions, as well as family dynamics, in the identity development process of children, whether gifted or not. It also highlights the challenges faced by parents who consult a psychologist for their child's IQ evaluation. Furthermore, by documenting children's identity trajectories based on their gifted status, this research can help raise awareness among educators and psychologists about the unique challenges these children face. The evaluation and identification of giftedness should not be seen as an end in itself, but as essential steps in the process of supporting both children and their parents.
Social support and social participation in older adults with and without cognitive disorders
by Marie SENDRA (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Module 1.2 Module CROUS, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Hélène AMIEVA - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Carol HUDON - Professeur - École de psychologie, Faculté des Sciences sociales, Université Laval - Rapporteur
- Stéphane ADAM - Professeur - Unité de Psychologie de la Sénescence, Université de Liège - Rapporteur
- Michele KOLECK - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The role of social functioning in the health of older adults is now widely recognized. This role becomes particularly important when individuals have neurocognitive disorders. Even if these factors are increasingly being studied in the older population, the literature is limited for those with neurocognitive disorders and, even more for those living in institutions, highlighting the need for greater knowledge on the specific impact of these factors, as well as the need for suitable tools to assess this dimension despite the presence of cognitive impairment and in the specific context of institution. More specifically, this thesis focuses on the objective and subjective dimensions of social support and social participation of older adults living with and without neurocognitive disorders. For the social support part, the first step was to create and validate a tool allowing assessing perceived social support of the older adults: The Perceived Social Support Questionnaire (PSSQ). This questionnaire includes four items and assesses quickly both, the availability (perception of the number of people one can rely on) and satisfaction (adequacy between the received support and one's expectations) with social support. Norms were also provided. Given the good psychometric properties of the PSSQ, the second step was to adapt this questionnaire for persons with cognitive disorders. The aim of this second study was to propose an adapted version of the PSSQ, and to validate it. For the social participation part, an observational grid of the daily activities was created to provide insight into the social participation of older adults with neurocognitive disorders living in institution. This tool allowed to describe the characteristics of the activities performed by the residents. Finally, the last part of this thesis focused on “meaningful” activities reported by older adults with neurocognitive disorders living in institution. This work led us to describe the characteristics of such meaningful activities in this population, to determine the proportion of social activities, the impact of the severity of cognitive disorders and, study their evolution over time. This thesis allowed the development of tools adapted to older population, with and without cognitive disorders. This work has also provided insights into the social participation of people with neurocognitive disorders living in institutions through the study of objective indicators (activities performed) and subjective indicators (activities perceived as meaningful). The use of these tools could contribute to the evaluation of initiatives aimed at promoting the inclusion and social participation of older adults with cognitive disorders, which are currently expending.
Language and collaborative research: the effects of building a discursive community of grammar teachers on their and their studients' ways of acting, speaking and thinking in the discipline.
by Magali DURRIEU (Laboratoire d'épistémologie et didactiques disciplinaires, professionnelle et comparée de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 9h00 - Amphi E Campus Victoire 3ter Pl. de la Victoire - 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Martine JAUBERT - Professeure émérite - Université de Bordeaux INSPE - Directeur de these
- Ecatérina BULEA-BRONCKART - Professeure - Université de Genève, Faculté de psychologie et des sciences de l'Education - Examinateur
- Marie-Laure ELALOUF - Professeure émérite - CY Cergy - Paris Université - Examinateur
- Stéphane BONNERY - Professeur des universités - Université Paris 8 - Examinateur
- Véronique PAOLACCI - Maîtresse de conférences - INSPE de Toulouse - Examinateur
- Ana DIAS-CHIARUTTINI - Professeure - Université Toulouse Jean Jaurès - Rapporteur
- Thierry PIOT - Professeur émérite - Université de Caen Normandie - Rapporteur
Our doctoral work focuses on oral language for teaching and learning in grammar at the end of French primary schools. It examines the effects of collaborative research into language for learning in grammar in cycle 3 (9-10 years), on teachers‘ classroom practices, their pupils' use of language and their awareness of oral language and grammar as a subject. It is rooted in a historical and cultural perspective that leads us first to look back at the establishment of school grammar as a discipline in order to understand the difficulties faced by teachers. Following in the footsteps of Vygotski (1934/1997), our roots lead us to attribute a major role to language, conceived as a semiotic, dialogical tool with contextualised uses (Bakhtin, 1984), and to the teacher's mediation of language in the construction and appropriation by pupils of the knowledge deposited in the culture. We are thus led to mobilise, at class level, the concept of the Communauté Discursive Disciplinaire et Scolaire (Jaubert, Rebière and Bernié, 2003) to understand, at language level, the teaching-learning co-activity that enables pupils to appropriate ways of acting, speaking and thinking that are specific to grammar. This position leads us to question the dominant model of the masterly grammar lesson followed by application exercises inherited from the Middle Ages, which leaves little room for the cognitive and linguistic activity required by pupils to negotiate the meaning of grammatical activity and the knowledge they need to acquire. Moreover, the ministerial injunction to develop language for learning in all subjects leaves many teachers bewildered. We therefore hypothesise that collaborative research into the question of language for teaching and learning in grammar could help the teachers involved to become aware of the importance of the language of the various players in the classroom and to modify their practices for the benefit of pupils' cognitive and language learning and to strengthen their disciplinary awareness (Reuter, 2007). We set up a 2-year collaborative research project, based on activity analysis (Clot & Faita, 2000), with 4 cycle 3 teachers. We had films and verbatims of 8 grammar sessions conducted by the teachers on the notion of simple/complex sentence, before and at the end of the research, 12 verbatims of self-confrontations, cross-confrontations and group work sessions as well as two series of student questionnaires aimed at (1) identifying their written language practices in grammar and (2) defining their awareness of grammar and oral grammar, at the beginning and end of the research. Comparison of the verbatims of the sessions enables us to observe transformations in the actual teaching practices (corpus, activity solicited, discursive interventions, handling of errors, knowledge taught), speaking time of the actors, nature of the verbal interactions, enunciative positioning and language uses of the pupils. Analysis of the interview transcripts shows that the elements of practice that were transformed were all the subject of discourse, reformulated, questioned, debated and reconfigured, a sign of cognitive and linguistic shifts on the part of the participants. Finally, the initial processing of the student questionnaires showed changes in their use of written language, a disciplinary awareness more in tune with grammatical activity and the beginnings of an objectification of oral language for learning grammar. In the discussion, we return to the contributions of this exploratory research as well as its limitations, and we question the value of collaborative research for training.
Schooling, inclusivity, and quality of life of students with chronic and disabling diseases in Senegal. The case of sickle-cell anaemia.
by Anne-Marie SOW (Laboratoire Cultures, Education, Sociétés)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Amphithéâtre Kocc Barma Fall Faculté des Sciences et Technologies de l'Education et de la Formation (FASTEF), Bd du Président Habib Bourguiba, BP 5036 Dakar-Fann, Dakar, Sénégal.
in front of the jury composed of
- Eric DUGAS - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Saliou DIOUF - Professeur des universités - Université Cheikh Anta Diop de Dakar - CoDirecteur de these
- Béatrice MABILON-MONFILS - Professeur des universités - INSPE de l'Académie de Versailles - Examinateur
- Olivier PRÉVÔT - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Anna PILERI - Professeur associé - Université de Bologne - Rapporteur
- Séverine COLINET - Professeur des universités - Université de Cergy-Pontoise, France - Rapporteur
The sickle cell disease, a hereditary chronic and disabling illness, severely affects the lives of millions of people. It is characterized by anemia, frequent infections, and painful crises. Sixty-six percent of the 120 million people affected worldwide live in Africa (WHO, 2022). This thesis, conducted with four hundred students with sickle cell disease in Senegal, their parents, teachers, and healthcare professionals, aims to understand the quality of life in school, family, and hospital settings for individuals suffering from sickle cell disease, and to propose solutions for better support. A mixed approach (questionnaires and interviews) is used to analyze the progress and challenges to their inclusion, taking ethical considerations into account. The results reveal a limited understanding of sickle cell disease on behalf of those who are affected, as well as inappropriate family and school practices. Despite some progress over the past decade with various initiatives to promote inclusivity, the interconnections of identity and contextual categories in an ecosystemic approach highlight the complexity of challenges with multiple forms of discrimination, barriers to schooling, numerous absences, and exam failures (25%). The physical violence experienced by 69% of students, the high dropout rate (26% among 13- to 18-year-olds), the high cost of medical care, an unfavorable family environment, and low health literacy continue to negatively impact their quality of life. The primary value of this research lies in its significant contribution to understanding the schooling of sick children in Senegal by examining the interactions between school, family, and hospital environments. Based on the findings, the thesis proposes recommendations to improve social and educational inclusivity.
Policies and unthought of regional integration of Cape Verde in ECOWAS.
by Yoann LACERDA (Les Afriques dans le Monde)
The defense will take place at 10h00 - Campus de Palmarejo Grande Université Publique du Cap-Vert, Polo I, Campus de Palmarejo Grande, 7943-010, Praia, Cabo Verde
in front of the jury composed of
- Michel CAHEN - Directeur de recherche émérite - Université de Bordeaux, CNRS - LAM/Sciences Po Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Djénéba TRAORÉ - Professeure émérite - Université des Lettres et Sciences Humaines de Bamako - Rapporteur
- Pierre-Joseph LAURENT - Professeur émérite - Université Catholique de Louvain - Rapporteur
- Odair BARROS-VARELA - Professeur des universités - Université Publique du Cap-Vert - Directeur de these
- Crisanto SANCHES DE BARROS - Professeur des universités - Université publique du Cap-Vert - Examinateur
- Alia GANA - Directrice de recherche émérite - Laboratoire dynamiques sociales et recomposition des espaces (LADYSS), CNRS, Université Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne - Examinateur
The specificities of the Cape Verdean archipelago in the West African regional context are regularly mobilized at the level of the official discourse of the Cape Verdean authorities, to justify the complexity of this process to international partners. The societal and cultural framework, and the historical creolization process, are presented as the main characteristics of the Cape Verdean singularity in West Africa. However, the retrospective analysis of relations and circulation in the region, allows access to certain keys of understanding necessary for the interpretation of regional state reports today. Certainly, geography, the "ethnic" unity of the nation, etc., make the construction of the Cape Verdean State an exception within the West African Community. However, is this enough to explain the relationship of Cape Verde to ECOWAS? Cape Verdean foreign policy is described as pragmatic by analysts and national practitioners. The community approach is described as a strategy that would allow the accumulation of different institutional anchors, while maintaining a certain independence. While it is true that in theory, it is indeed possible to be a member of the CPLP, to have a (special) partnership with the European Union, the UN, or the United States... In practice, what are the concrete consequences of the superposition of these commitments, in particular, in terms of: security, mobility, trade. In terms of defense, how to position oneself in the event of conflicts? At the borders, what rules should be applied? For trade, what standards should be favored? Conversely, the purpose of the study is also to determine whether Cape Verdean specificity is taken into consideration during the process of developing ECOWAS regional policies, in accordance with the initial text. By approaching regional integration from the organizational model of its administration and the operational functioning of its institutions, and by going back to the colonial origins of the European Union, we are able to highlight the origins of ECOWAS's institutional mimicry towards the EU. The regional bureaucratic system as a whole, governance within the major bodies and the various organs, the structural aspects of the ECOWAS administration, are analyzed to highlight the role and power of the Commission on the executive level, internally within the various services and in the functioning of specialized agencies. To do this, this work focuses on the department bringing together infrastructure, energy and digital technology, since they are transversal and include the issue of transport, which is a priority in Cape Verde. As energy issues are inseparable from environmental concerns related to the consequences of climate change to which the archipelago is particularly exposed, the analysis of the production of regional sectoral policies was built on the basis of these areas of activity. From a specific example - water resource management - a mode of operation appears that can be transposed to each sector. When the specialized agencies were created, the intervention of donors was not limited to financing part of the functioning of the institutions. The organizational and governance models applied within these structures are an integral part of the recommendations of technical assistance and determine access to funding for ECOWAS. In other words, how could regional policies be adapted to the Cape Verdean context, if they are imported and partly commissioned by actors outside the region?
Inclusion, insertion, integration or marginalization through sport ?The example of athletics,football and boxing practices in Montpellier
by Anwar HARICI (Laboratoire Cultures, Education, Sociétés)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle C- Bâtiment Rougier UFR STAPS 12 Avenue Camille Jullian 33600 PESSAC
in front of the jury composed of
- Jean-François LOUDCHER - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Olivier BESSY - Professeur des universités - Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour - Rapporteur
- Anna-Maria PIOLETTI - Professeur des universités - Université della Valle d'Aosta - Rapporteur
- André SUCHET - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Through three signifiant examples in Montpelier (athletics, football, boxing), it appears that the practice of sport generally makes it possible to attenuate social conflicts, the anachronistic behavior of young people from underprivileged classes. Faced with a consumer society that generates a lot of frustration, this practice allows them to feel relatively confident, avoiding falling into excessive delinquency. However, the statistics also give an indication of the random nature of sport, which alone cannot take on the whole complex problem of integration. In order to be able to to be really integrated, it would be necessary to achieve performances, to be part of an elite (estimated at 1/10 000 only). In the absence of Intégration, it is clear that there is real social inclusion of immigrants in society over the generations, like sporting of France "Black, White, Beur".