ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Identify, understand and resolve the obstacles that impede better heating consumption management and comfort in France
by Enzo CABEZAS (I2M - Institut de Mécanique et d'Ingénierie de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Bâtiment A9, Amphithéâtre n°1 351 Cr de la Libération, Bâtiment A9, 33400 Talence (44°48'28.1"N 0°35'39.1"W)
in front of the jury composed of
- Patrick SEBASTIAN - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire I2M (UMR 5295) - Directeur de these
- Lolita RUBENS - Professeure des universités - l'Université Paris-Est Créteil, Laboratoire LIRTES (EA 7313) - Rapporteur
- Frederic WURTZ - Directeur de recherche - CNRS - G2Elab (UMR 5269), Grenoble INP - Rapporteur
- Marie-Lise PANNIER - Maître de conférences - Université d'Angers, LARIS (EA 7315) - Examinateur
- Béatrice ROUSSILLON - Professeure des universités - Université Grenoble Alpes, GAEL (UMR 1215) - Examinateur
- Maxime ROBILLART - Docteur - Université de Bordeaux, Laboratoire I2M (UMR 5295) - Examinateur
In the current environmental and economic context, it is crucial that each individual has the tools to manage their heating consumption while maintaining a satisfactory level of comfort. However, obstacles can limit this control over energy and comfort. For example, in buildings with collective heating in France, the distribution of charges between apartments is traditionally based on the proportional surface area, which may discourage the adoption and maintenance of energy-efficient behaviours. To address this, the Élan law aims to individualize heating costs to encourage households to save energy. However, studies conducted on certain dwellings and buildings have shown that the distribution of heating costs is not the only obstacle to greater energy efficiency. Thus, this thesis first aimed to identify and understand the barriers to better control of heating consumption and comfort in French dwellings equipped with collective heating, representing around six million households. To achieve this, a survey was conducted. The results showed that heating bills are often difficult to access and understand, as is the distribution of heating costs. Additionally, respondents expressed the need for additional information, such as personalized advice or data on the environmental impact of their consumption. The results also revealed that the absence of remote programming and control systems for radiators discourages occupants from adopting and maintaining energy-efficient behaviours. Next, the work of this thesis focused on overcoming these barriers. To this end, a methodology was developed to improve both the technical and informational environment for users. Traditionally, to encourage individuals to save energy, one or more interventions are implemented. However, few studies propose an approach that targets relevant interventions based on individual characteristics. To determine the interventions to be used, a behavior change model was employed due to its suitability for energy management. The evaluation of the psychosocial factors constituting this model helped identify the most appropriate interventions for each individual. Moreover, the information provided as part of these interventions was personalized according to the occupants' habits and interests, encouraging them to engage with it. To improve the ease of use of the technical environment, connected thermostatic valves were installed, allowing remote control and programming of radiators at a low cost. These devices transmit data on the ambient temperature and the setpoint applied by users, enabling personalized advice on heating usage. This advice also included an estimate of the savings achievable by following the recommendations. To reliably calculate these potential savings, as well as those already achieved, dynamic thermal simulation models were developed. Finally, the methodology was tested on two families during the 2023-2024 heating period. The evaluation of this experiment considered changes in psychosocial factors, behaviour, comfort and energy savings achieved.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
DIETARY DIVERSITY OF OLDER ADULTS: VALIDATION OF A DIETARY DIVERSITY SCORE ANDEVALUATION OF ITS IMPACT ON THE PROMOTION OF HEALTHY AGEING
by Anne-Fleur LEFEBURE (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - salle de thèse 2 faculté de medecine, hall principal 27 boulevard Jean moulin, 13005 Marseille
in front of the jury composed of
- CATHERINE FEART-COURET - Chargée de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Alla FRANçOIS - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Jean-Michel LECERF - Professeur émérite - Institut Pasteur de Lille - Rapporteur
- Sergio POLAKOF - Directeur de recherche - Université Clermont-Auvergne - Rapporteur
- Pauline OUSTRIC - Chargé de recherche - Centre Léon Bérard - Examinateur
- Pierre VERGER - Médecin de Santé publique - Observatoire régional de la santé- Provence Alpes-Côte d'Azur - CoDirecteur de these
The increase in the number of seniors in the French population has been accompanied by a rise in the prevalence of dependency. Frailty is a precursor to dependency, characterized by the accumulation of deficits across various health domains. Nutrition is a major factor in frailty. Preventing the risk of frailty by promoting healthy eating appears to be an essential approach for fostering healthy aging. Dietary diversity, a proxy for healthy eating, has been little studied in Western seniors. Dietary diversity is associated with obesity in Western populations. Some authors have developed the concept of healthy dietary diversity, which promotes the consumption of health-beneficial foods and limits the intake of less beneficial foods. Understanding how to promote healthy eating among seniors aged 60 and over is a public health issue. Prevention workshops on nutrition and physical activity have been implemented in France, particularly in the PACA region, but none appear to have been scientifically evaluated. The objective of this thesis is to evaluate: i) the co-construction of a prevention intervention focused on dietary diversity for seniors, ii) the development and validation of a healthy dietary diversity score for seniors, and iii) the fidelity of the implementation of the ALAPAGE research and its impact on seniors' dietary diversity. The ALAPAGE prevention program on nutrition and physical activity was co-constructed following the Intervention Mapping methodology. The interventional research consists of a cluster randomized controlled trial. A healthy dietary diversity score based on food occurrences (ORCHID) was created from the French nutritional recommendations for seniors. The ORCHID score was validated using data from seniors in the national individual food consumption study (INCA3). Associations between healthy dietary diversity, frailty risk, and long-term mortality risk (18 years of follow-up) were examined using data from the 3-Cities Bordeaux cohort. The program's impact assessment is complemented by qualitative and quantitative evaluations of implementation fidelity based on Hasson et al.'s model. Improvement in dietary diversity is measured using the ORCHID score before the program begins, at the end of the program, and three months later. The ALAPAGE program was co-constructed with professionals from pre-existing workshops and resulted in a workshop of seven weekly sessions followed by 12 weeks without supervision, ending with an evaluation session. The ORCHID score accurately reflects the nutritional quality of seniors' diets. No significant association was observed between the healthy dietary diversity score and frailty, while an inverse and significant association was found between healthy dietary diversity and the risk of death, after adjusting for comorbidities and total energy intake. Implementation fidelity was moderate, primarily due to the project's complexity and numerous missing data points. Lastly, dietary diversity was improved, but similarly in both the intervention and control arms.