ED Sciences Chimiques
New method for the synthesis of N-aryloxamic acids and applications
by Margaux BADUFLE (Institut des Sciences Moléculaires)
The defense will take place at 9h30 - Salle de conférences ISM, 3° étage, est Bâtiment A12, 351 Cours de la Libération, 33405 TALENCE
in front of the jury composed of
- Yannick LANDAIS - Professeur - ISM - UMR 5255 - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Marc TAILLEFER - Directeur de recherche - ICGM - UMR5253 - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Philippe BELMONT - Professeur - CiTCoM – UMR 8038 - Université Paris Cité - Rapporteur
- Frédéric ROBERT - Chargé de recherche - ISM - UMR 5255 - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Mathieu PUCHEAULT - Directeur de recherche - ISM - UMR 5255 - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Cédric SCHNEIDER - Maître de conférences - IRCOF - Laboratoire COBRA - UMR 6014 - Université de Rouen - Examinateur
This manuscript describes a new process for the synthesis of aromatic oxamic acids and their use as carbamoyl radical precursors, aiming to promote a greener and safer chemistry of isocyanates. The first step of this synthesis consists in an Ullmann-Goldberg cross-coupling reaction between an aryl iodide and a primary oxamate. Its optimization highlighted the significant influence of the oxamate substituent on the reaction yield, and the different modes of catalyst deactivation. A large number of aromatic oxamates were synthesized, and several bis(oxamates) were obtained, expanding the potential use of this method for polymer synthesis. Subsequently, some of these oxamates were deprotected under acidic conditions to obtain corresponding oxamic acids. Through oxidative decarboxylation under thermal or photocatalytic conditions, the latter were finally used as carbamoyl radical precursors for two applications : the in situ generation of isocyanates through their oxidation for urethanes synthesis, and their addition to imines for the synthesis of α-aminoacid amides.
Study of the influence of morphology, surface modification and composition of positive electrodes materials for Na-ion batteries
by Gaël MINART (ICMCB - Institut de Chimie de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéatre ICMCB ICMCB-UMR 5026 87 Avenue du Dr. Schweitzer, 33608 Pessac CEDEX
in front of the jury composed of
- Laurence CROGUENNEC - Directrice de recherche - ICMCB-CNRS - Directeur de these
- Jacob OLCHOWKA - Chargé de recherche - ICMCB-CNRS - CoDirecteur de these
- Jérôme LHOSTE - Maître de conférences - IMMM-CNRS - Rapporteur
- Montserrat GALCERAN MESTRES - Directrice de recherche - CIC energiGUNE - Rapporteur
- Cyril AYMONIER - Directeur de recherche - ICMCB - CNRS - Examinateur
- Sophie CASSAIGNON - Professeure - LCMCP - CNRS - Examinateur
- Marc David BRAIDA - Ingénieur de recherche - Syensqo - Examinateur
This manuscript investigates the influence of morphology, surface modification, and composition of positive electrode material particles for Na-ion batteries on their electrochemical performance. Initially, three materials with the Na3V2(PO4)FO2 formula were synthesized with three different morphologies via a topochemical reaction in an ionic liquid medium. The morphology that exhibited the best performance was selected for the application of a conductive carbon coating by thermal treatment from the ionic liquid layer left on the particles surface. The same method was later applied using a deep eutectic solvent, which has the advantage of being less expensive than ionic liquids. Subsequently, the topochemical synthesis in ionic liquid was used to partially substitute vanadium with manganese, starting from a homemade Mn0.2V0.8PO4.2H2O precursor. A material with the formula Na2.85Mn0.4V1.6(PO4)2F2.4O0.6 was thus obtained. Its structure and electrochemical performance were then evaluated. Thereafter, several materials with different sodium contents were obtained by varying the synthesis parameters. The effects of the composition modification on their atomic structures and electrochemistry were then determined. Finally, a material with the Na3V2(PO4)2F3 formula synthesized by a ceramic route and coated with a conductive carbon layer was mechanically grinded to increase its tapped density, thereby increasing its volumetric energy density. The impact of grinding on the crystalline structure, morphology, and electrochemical performance was then evaluated for different grinding durations.
Study of the action of a bilirubin oxidase on kraft lignin in alkaline media: characterizations and model study
by Lou DELUGEAU (Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéatre 1 École Nationale Supérieure de Matériaux, d'Agroalimentaire et de Chimie ENSMAC (ex ENSCBP), 16 Av. Pey Berland, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Frédéric PERUCH - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Stéphane GRELIER - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Nicolas MANO - Directeur de recherche - CRPP - Examinateur
- Sophie BARBE - Directeur de recherche - INSA TOULOUSE - Examinateur
- Eric POLLET - Professeur des universités - ICPEES UNIVERSITE DE STRASBOUG - Rapporteur
- Florent ALLAIS - Professeur - AgroParisTech - Rapporteur
Lignin is the most abundant aromatic biopolymer on Earth, but its heterogeneity and poor solubility in common solvents limit its valorization. However, significant research efforts are focused on enzymatic lignin valorization. In this study, a water-soluble fraction of Kraft lignin was obtained after enzymatic treatment with bilirubin oxidase (BOD), a multicopper oxidase active at pH 10, where Kraft lignin is soluble. This fraction is used by a project partner to spin carbon fibers. Structural modifications in Kraft Indulin AT lignin, along with monomeric, oligomeric, and polymeric models, were analyzed, demonstrating oxidative coupling, phenolic dimerization, and lignin polymerization.
ED Droit
Patient rights in prison and mental health care without consent
by Elodie MARILLER (INSTITUT DE SCIENCES CRIMINELLES ET DE LA JUSTICE)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - SALLE 1J Université de Bordeaux Pôle juridique et judiciaire 35 place Pey-Berland 33000 BORDEAUX
in front of the jury composed of
- Alexandre ZABALZA - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Anne SIMON - Professeure - Université d'Artois - Rapporteur
- Clément MARGAINE - Professeur - Université de Poitiers - Rapporteur
- Mathilde BRIARD - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
Patients detained and in psychiatric care without consent (DSPSC) are full-fledged patients of our health system. They should benefit from the right to protection of human dignity, the right to protection of health, and more generally, all the rights recognized by the Public Health Code in articles L. 1110-1 and following. However, prison and psychiatric institutions are unique places. The influence of the security imperative in these establishments cannot be ignored. The legislator must constantly ensure that the prerogatives of DSPSC patients are preserved, taking into account the expectations of society and the imperatives of public order. Although efforts are made, they are not always sufficient to maintain this delicate balance. In addition to the influence of the concept of reduced eligibility, the latter is weakened by the crisis that the health sector has been experiencing for several years and which is undermining good professional practices. This harmful situation has repercussions on the quality of care. To try to protect DSPSC patients from these attacks, effective guarantees must be granted to them. In these situations, it is legitimate to want to rely on internal and European judges. However, their seizure follows formalized procedures which can easily discourage applicants. Faced with this observation, alternatives have been introduced. They can manifest themselves through the intervention of independent administrative authorities such as the Inspector-General of Locations of Deprivation of Liberty or, in a more original way, by private actors.
ED Sciences de la Vie et de la Santé
Pulmonary hypertension associated with bronchopulmonary dysplasia: multimodal and translational analysis of cardiopulmonary remodeling
by Claire-Marie PILARD (Centre de recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Amphithéâtre IHU Lyric FONDATION BORDEAUX UNIVERSITE IHU LIRYC AVENUE DU HAUT LEVEQUE SITE HOP. XAVIER ARNOZAN 33600 PESSAC
in front of the jury composed of
- Christelle GUIBERT - Directrice de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Marilyne LéVY - Praticienne hospitalière - Université de Paris - Examinateur
- Pierre-Henri JARREAU - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Paris - Rapporteur
- Elodie ZANA-TAïEB - Associate Professor - Université de Paris - Examinateur
- Flavien CHARPENTIER - Directeur de recherche - Université de Nantes - Examinateur
- Christophe GUIGNABERT - Directeur de recherche - Université Paris-Saclay - Rapporteur
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most frequent pathology of the premature newborn. Improvements in resuscitation techniques for extremely premature babies born before 28 weeks of amenorrhea have led to an increase in the incidence of BPD, which ranges from 20 to 75% depending on the cohort. BPD is a clinical syndrome of prenatal (chorioamniotitis, intrauterine growth restriction, maternal smoking) and postnatal (oxygen supplementation, mechanical ventilation, infections) injuries on these immature lungs, leading to arrested lung development. BPD is characterized by severe intrapulmonary inflammation, hypoalveolarization and impaired angiogenesis, leading to a reduction and neomuscularization of the pulmonary capillary network. Moderate to severe forms of BPD are complicated in 25% of cases by pulmonary hypertension (PH-BPD), which can lead to right heart failure and death in 50% of cases within 2 years of diagnosis. The mechanisms involved in the development of PH-DBP are multifactorial and remain poorly understood. Furthermore, there is currently no preventive or curative treatment for this pathology. The first objective of this thesis was to study cardiorespiratory remodeling in PH-BPD through a multimodal and translational approach. Using 2 models, animal (rat pups exposed to hyperoxia) and human (fetal smooth muscle cells of pulmonary arteries exposed to hyperoxia), we were able to study alveolarization, angiogenesis, inflammation, remodeling and vascular reactivity at the pulmonary level. This first study focused on the role of connexin 43 (Cx 43), a gap junction protein involved in intercellular communication, in the development of PH-BPD. We demonstrated that Cx43 was increased in animals with PH-BPD, and that decreased Cx43 function in these animals, while improving alveolarization, had no effect on the other previously described parameters of PH-BPD. In animals, we also studied the structural and electrophysiological remodeling of the right ventricle in PH-BPD, using optical mapping techniques. This second project highlighted the presence of an early pro-arrhythmogenic substrate described as the cause of arrhythmias and sudden death. At the molecular level, we were able to show that these electrophysiological alterations were associated with disturbances in the localization and function of Cx43 in cardiomyocytes. The second part of this thesis involved evaluating the impact of celastrol, a molecule known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, as a preventive therapeutic option for PH-BPD. In this study, we demonstrated in the 2 models previously described that celastrol reduced pulmonary hypertension, right ventricular hypertrophy, intra-pulmonary inflammation and pulmonary vascular remodeling and hyperreactivity, thereby significantly improving animal survival. In conclusion, this thesis work has 1) deepened our knowledge of the pathophysiological mechanisms involved in PH-BPD, and more particularly the role of Cx43, 2) demonstrated the presence of early right cardiac remodeling associated with a pro-arrhythmogenic substrate capable of causing lethal arrhythmias, and 3) highlighted the potential therapeutic role of celastrol in the preventive management of PH-BPD.
Differential contribution of distinct prefrontal neuronal populations to danger representations
by Ana Paula MENEGOLLA (Neurocentre Magendie)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle de conférences Centre d'Appui à la Recherche et de Formation (CARF) 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Nadine GOGOLLA - Directrice de recherche - Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry - Rapporteur
- Philip TOVOTE - Professor - Institute of Clinical Neurobiology - Rapporteur
- François GEORGES - Directeur de recherche - Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293 - Examinateur
- Lisa ROUX - Chargée de recherche - Institut Interdisciplinaire de Neurosciences - UMR 5297 - Examinateur
- Antoine BESNARD - Chargé de recherche - Institut de Génomique Fonctionelle - UMR 5203, U1191 - Examinateur
Animals can be confronted to a high diversity of dangerous situations in natural environments. Their ability to be in a vigilant state about their surroundings, prepared to recognize and respond to danger, as well as to recognize sensory stimuli associated to specific threats, allows the expression of optimal behavioral responses to successfully cope with them. Dysfunctions in the response to threats are implicated in various psychiatric conditions such as anxiety disorders, phobias, or post-traumatic stress disorder. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying defensive behaviors is essential to unravel the neuronal bases of these severe conditions. Defensive behaviors are shaped by multiple interconnected brain regions. Among them, the prefrontal cortex (PFC), a site involved in the multimodal integration of stimuli and top-down control of complex behaviors, has largely been evidenced as a key regulator of defensive responses. Most of what is known about the implication of the PFC in defensive behaviors has been based on fear conditioning paradigms in which one single sensory stimulus drives the concomitant expression of a single defensive behavior (e.g. freezing or avoidance). Such simple paradigms make it difficult to pinpoint the exact processes PFC neurons are involved in (identification or discrimination of threatening stimuli, implementation of an aversive state or execution of a defensive response) and how specific their activity is. Moreover, the literature is focused on the function of the largest cell group of the dorsomedial PFC (dmPFC) – excitatory pyramidal neurons (Pyr) – or mixed neuronal populations. Nonetheless, Pyr activity is extensively orchestrated by a heterogeneous network of GABAergic interneurons (INs), among which Somatostatin-expressing (SST+) and Parvalbumin-expressing (PV+) neurons are the most abundant types. A limited body of evidence shows the critical role of dmPFC INs in the formation of an aversive memory and defensive freezing expression. Thus, a more comprehensive view of how dmPFC neurons, especially INs, process threatening information is still missing and would require more complex settings. In this work, we sought to determine the role of the main dmPFC neuronal populations (Pyr, SST+ and PV+ neurons) in the encoding of defensive states and specific threatening features to ultimately control the expression of defensive behaviors. To this end, we combined cell-type specific in vivo calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulations of the dmPFC with a novel behavioral paradigm in which mice face different threatening situations and must select the most pertinent defensive behavior to each of them in order to avoid an aversive outcome. We demonstrated that each of the studied neuronal populations encode threat-related information differently. The populations of excitatory neurons and SST+ interneurons have well-differentiated representations of threatening and non-threatening conditions. In addition, the SST+ population discriminates specific threatening information, process that was necessary for the selection of appropriate defensive behaviors. In contrast, the population activity of PV+ INs encoded in a more unspecific manner the presence of task stimuli regardless of their emotional value and was essential for mice to overall respond to threats. Together, these data suggest the presence of a gradient of representations of threatening events - from more general to more specific - in different dmPFC neuronal populations, allowing a collective encoding of danger.
VALORIZATION OF WHITE WINE LEES: EXTRACTION OF ANTIOXIDANT COMPOUNDS OF OENOLOGICAL INTEREST BY ECO-RESPONSIBLE PROCESSES
by Benjamin POULAIN (Oenologie)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Amphithéâtre Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin (ISVV) 210, chemin de Leysotte 33140 Villenave d'Ornon
in front of the jury composed of
- Claudia NIOI - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Ruth HORNEDO ORTEGA - Professeure assistante - Université de Séville - Examinateur
- Séverine CAMY - Professeure des universités - Université de Toulouse - Rapporteur
- Vincent FARINE - Professeure des universités - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Romain KAPEL - Professeur des universités - Université de Lorraine - Examinateur
Each year, the wine industry produces significant volumes of by-products, including wine lees, which account for 2 to 6% of the total volume of wine produced. These by-products are mainly valorized through ethanol distillation and tartaric acid extraction. Over the past decade, the increasing interest in by-product valorization has led to numerous studies on the extraction of polyphenolic compounds from red wine lees. However, although white wine lees are well-recognized for their antioxidant potential during aging of white wines, they have received less attention due to their low polyphenol content, and this potential remains largely underexploited. Therefore, the objective of this study is to propose an eco-sustainable approach to valorizing white wine lees. Specifically, this project aimed to develop and optimize extraction and fractionation processes of white wine lees, guided by their antioxidant capacity. Initially, the influence of various drying processes on the preservation of the antioxidant activity of the lees was studied. To achieve this, different lees matrices were collected and analyzed to assess the variability in their composition depending on their winemaking origin. Then, sustainable extraction methods, such as supercritical CO₂ extraction and subcritical water extraction, were compared with conventional solvents. The extracts with the highest antioxidant capacity were obtained by subcritical water extraction. This process was selected and optimized using response surface methodology to determine the optimal operating conditions for maximizing the antioxidant activity of the extracts. In the context of oenological research focused on alternatives to sulfur dioxide (SO₂), the impact of the lees extracts on preventing wine oxidation was investigated. The extracts demonstrated antioxidant properties in wine, comparable to those of commercial products such as yeast derivatives. However, their antioxidant effectiveness remained lower to that of SO₂. Furthermore, their use could impact the sensory properties of the wine and its overall quality. In order to propose extracts that are more neutral in terms of sensory impact, a fractionation study using ultrafiltration was conducted. To evaluate the impact of membrane process performance, ultrafiltration membranes with different molecular weight cut-offs and with various operational conditions were studied to concentrate the antioxidant fraction of the extracts. This process allowed the antioxidant capacity to be concentrated by a factor of 1.5. Additionally, the fractionation results revealed that the antioxidant fraction of the extracts, correlated with the nitrogen and lipid content of the lees, consists of molecules with molecular weights ranging between 10-1 kDa. The combination of these processes, without the use of organic solvents, allows for the efficient extraction and concentration of high-value compounds from white wine lees. This study thus contributes to improving the economic and environmental sustainability of managing these residues, while also opening up perspectives for other extraction applications within distilleries.
ED Sciences Physiques et de l'Ingénieur
Contribution to the modeling of semantic specification networks and the discovery of semantic links between “product” data throughout its life cycle
by Simon BAUER (ESTIA-Recherche)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - ESTIA1 ESTIA Technopole Izarbel 90 Allée Fauste d'Elhuyar 64210 Bidart France
in front of the jury composed of
- Christophe MERLO - Professeur - ESTIA - Directeur de these
- Benoit EYNARD - Professeur - Université de Technologie de Compiègne - Rapporteur
- Raymond HOUé NGOUNA - Maître de conférences - Université de Technologie de Tarbes - Rapporteur
- Roberta COSTA-AFFONSO - Professeur - ISAE-SUPMECA - Examinateur
- Vincent CHEUTET - Professeur - INSA Lyon - Examinateur
- Rebeca ARISTA RANGEL - Docteure - Universidad de Sevilla - Examinateur
This thesis is situated within the context of Industry 4.0 and addresses the challenges associated with enriching digital twins in complex industrial environments. It focuses particularly on integrating heterogeneous data from external sources, in the absence of pre-established models, to enhance interoperability and performance in a multi-model and multi-disciplinary context. The study begins with an in-depth analysis of the industrial context, exploring the evolution from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0 and fundamental concepts such as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE). It highlights current challenges in implementing digital twins, notably the fragmentation of MBSE models and the difficulty of coherently integrating IIoT data. The central research question is identified as follows: How can a digital twin be enriched through the integration of datasets from external sources, in the absence of pre-established models, to improve interoperability and performance in a multi-model and multi-disciplinary environment? To address this question, the thesis proposes an innovative approach based on the combined use of Semantic Web technologies and artificial intelligence. This approach aims to create a robust interoperability framework allowing for the seamless integration of heterogeneous data within digital twins. The developed methodology comprises three major axes: Data Ontologification: A hybrid approach combining AI techniques and human expertise to convert raw data into ontologies, with particular attention paid to the specificities of IIoT data. Ontological Alignment and Integration: A methodology for the creation of a reference ontology by domain experts, coupled with a semi-automatic process for aligning and integrating AI-generated ontologies with this reference. Knowledge Exploration and Exploitation: The utilization of intuitive interfaces and adapted visualization tools allowing domain actors to effectively explore and exploit the integrated ontologies within the digital twin. The validation of this approach is carried out through an industrial case study in the aeronautical sector, demonstrating its applicability and effectiveness in a real-world environment. The results show a significant improvement in the interoperability and exploitation of heterogeneous data within digital twins. The main contributions of this thesis include a comprehensive methodology for enriching digital twins, an interoperability framework based on Semantic Web technologies and AI, advanced techniques for processing and integrating heterogeneous data, and a prototype system for exploring integrated knowledge. This research opens new perspectives for the use of digital twins in industry by proposing concrete solutions to the challenges of interoperability and integration of heterogeneous data. It thus contributes to the advancement of Industry 4.0 and paves the way for future innovations in the field of systems engineering and the Industrial Internet of Things. In conclusion, this thesis makes a significant contribution to solving the problems of interoperability and integration of heterogeneous data in the context of digital twins, thereby offering industries a more effective means of exploiting the advantages of Industry 4.0 and preparing for the challenges of Industry 5.0.
Exploring learning techniques for edge AI taking advantage of non-volatile memories
by Michele MARTEMUCCI (Laboratoire de l'Intégration du Matériau au Système)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Palladium 2 3 Parv. Louis Néel, Maison MINATEC, 38054, Grenoble
in front of the jury composed of
- Sylvain SAÏGHI - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Melika PAYVAND - Professor - University of Zurich and ETH Zurich - Rapporteur
- Ian O'CONNOR - Professeur des universités - Ecole Centrale de Lyon – University of Lyon - Rapporteur
- Adrien F. VINCENT - Maître de conférences - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Jean-Michel PORTAL - Professeur - Aix-Marseille Université - Examinateur
- Simon JEANNOT - Ingénieur de recherche - STMicroelectronics - Examinateur
Learning-capable edge artificial intelligence (AI) systems require both inference and learning capabilities combined with energy efficiency. However, no existing memory technology fully integrates all the desirable features for these systems. Resistive memory - memristor - arrays are ideal for AI inference but suffer from limited endurance and high programming energy. In contrast, ferroelectric capacitors (FeCAPs) are effective for learning, but their data-destructive read process makes them incompatible for inference. The same hafnium-based device can be optimized to function either as a FeCAP or as a memristor, depending on its operating conditions. Such a dual-use device was developed during this thesis by integrating a 10 nm film of silicon-doped hafnium oxide, with a titanium oxygen-scavenging layer, between two metal layers of a 130 nm CMOS process. An application-specific integrated circuit using this hybrid memory technology was experimentally validated. It includes both FeCAPs and memristors in the back-end-of-line of foundry 130 nm CMOS, creating a hybrid array of interconnected FeCAPs and memristors. This hybrid array enables direct data transfer from multiple FeCAP cells to a single memristor device without intermediate circuits. This technology is compatible with on-chip training of artificial neural networks with stochastic gradient descent. FeCAPs store higher-precision weights for training, while memristors store analog weights for both inference and training. Hidden weights (FeCAPs) are updated for each sample, while analog weights (memristors) are updated every k inputs via the transfer process. Two system implementations were proposed. The first, using equally sized FeCAPs to store higher-precision weights and a single memristor for the analog weight, has limited learning capabilities. The second implementation uses FeCAPs with different areas to encode a 10-bit integer higher-precision weight, while two memristors encode positive and negative analog weights through their differential conductance. This method achieves high accuracy while significantly reducing energy consumption per weight during programming. The number of operations remains well below the endurance limits of memristors and FeCAPs. The evaluation of error robustness, assessed based on analog transfer measurements, shows performance comparable to floating-point precision software models across several benchmarks. To go further, a second, more flexible circuit was designed and manufactured in a 22 nm CMOS technology to explore the benefits of combining ferroelectric and resistive memory devices for inference and training in binarized neural networks (BNNs). This design utilizes ferroelectric memory arrays to store higher-precision hidden weights in either integer or floating-point formats, with bit-widths of 8 bits or multiples thereof. Resistive memories, which store binary weights in a differential configuration across two devices, are used to perform near-memory computation for implementing matrix-vector multiplication in BNNs. Electrical simulations of the circuit achieve an energy consumption of approximately 100 fJ for binary multiplication, with the potential for reduction to a few tens of fJ. Several algorithmic strategies are envisioned using this circuit design, paving the way for devices capable of learning for edge AI applications.
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
Verbal and didactic professional gestures in 1st year elementary school, supporting the language co-activity of written texts revision and the construction of the subject in different school subjects.
by Véronique MAGNIANT (Laboratoire d'épistémologie et didactiques disciplinaires, professionnelle et comparée de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithéâtre E Université de Bordeaux - Site Victoire 3ter place de la Victoire 33000 Bordeaux 33 000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Martine JAUBERT - Professeure émérite - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Catherine DELARUE-BRETON - Professeure des universités - Université de Rouen Normandie - Rapporteur
- Patrick RAYOU - Professeur émérite - Université Paris 8 - Examinateur
- Claire DOQUET - Professeure des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Christophe RONVEAUX - Professeur des universités - Université de Genève - Rapporteur
- Séverine DE CROIX - Professeure des universités - Université de Louvain, Belgique - Examinateur
Our research focuses on language co-activity in the service of disciplinary learning (French, biology and technology) in the first year of elementary school (CP), and more specifically on the revision of written texts. We describe and analyse a device for revising pupils' written texts, carried out orally and collectively. We seek to identify cognitive and language changes between initial and final writings and try to link them with the oral interactions that take place during the collective revision sessions. We characterise the teachers' interventions and attempt to identify Didactic Language Professional Gestures (DLPGs) that might have had an effect on the pupils' ongoing learnings. Our results point to semiotic, discursive, cultural and psycho-affective changes, which can be linked to oral interactions during the collective sessions. The analysis also enables us to identify DLPGs specific to the teaching of language activity in CP, such as : LDPGs of categorisation of writing situations, LDPGs of discursive secondarisation, LDPGs of densification of schematisations about transposed scientific objects. In some cases, we see that these LDPGs are appropriated by the pupils and that a certain reversibility occurs in the language co-activity, which highlights the links between intersubjective and intrasubjective activity. According to our results, the LDPGs enable all the pupils in the study to establish themselves as subjects in the various school discourse communities, and to learn to become enunciators of texts, both orally and in writing, in different situations.
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on HIV care in different healthcare settings
by Jihane BEN FARHAT (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 14h30 - Salle Hamilton Université de Bordeaux, ISPED, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Fabrice BONNET - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - INSERM U1219 - CHU de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Sophie GRABAR - Maître de conférences - praticien hospitalier - Université Sorbonne - IPLESP UMRS 1136 - Groupe hospitalier AP-HP Hôpital Saint Antoine - Rapporteur
- Gilles WANDELER - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine (ISPM) - Inselspital Hôpital Universitaire de Berne - Rapporteur
- Armel PODA - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université Nazi Boni - LaPather - CHU de Sourou Sanou - Examinateur
- Diana BARGER - Maîtresse de conférences - Université de Clermont Auvergne - CNRS 6602 - CoDirecteur de these
- François DABIS - Professeur des universités - praticien hospitalier - Université de Bordeaux - INSERM U1219 - CHU de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The COVID-19 pandemic and public health and social measures (PHSM) adopted to limit its spread have profoundly disrupted societies and their populations. While everyone was affected, certain populations, such as the elderly and/or those with chronic illnesses, who were at risk of severe disease, as well as young people, deprived of their social contacts and prospects, may have experienced the pandemic more acutely. Individuals diagnosed or living with HIV (PWH), a diverse group, may also be among those affected. Firstly, they rely on medical care that may have been disrupted by the pandemic period, and secondly, they may be more susceptible to psychological distress, including anxiety and depression, due to their medical histories, fears regarding their health and that of loved ones, and socioeconomic circumstances both before and during the pandemic. Furthermore, the nature of the pandemic forces us to consider its impact in different settings, in both the Global North and Global South, where the burden of disease and standards of care vary. This thesis aims to evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the continuum of care for individuals recently diagnosed and living with HIV for years in France, West Africa, and globally . This research draws on observational data sources (cohorts, cross-sectional studies) in France (ANRS CO3 Aquitaine - AQUIVIH-NA, QuAliV, QuAliCOV) and globally (IeDEA Consortium). In France, we found that the time between HIV diagnosis and achieving initial viral suppression was shorter for those diagnosed during the pandemic compared to historical controls. In contrast, in individuals under care for several years and effectively treated, those who were working-age and psychosocially vulnerable were more exposed to pandemic-related stressors compared to their counterparts. Exposure to these stressors was associated with increased distress, but also with psychological growth, as well as a greater likelihood of cannabis and drug use. In West Africa, we examined whether the number of people starting antiretroviral therapy (ART), and the number of viral load measurements performed were maintained during the pandemic. While clinics in two of the three countries studied succeeded in maintaining ART initiations, a significant decrease in viral load tests performed was observed in Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire and Nigeria. Finally, in the context of a multiregional analysis, ART initiations remained stable during the pandemic in 25 of 31 countries, while a significant decline was observed in six countries (South Africa, India, Rwanda, Malawi, Togo, and Zimbabwe). The proportion of timely ART initiations (within 7 days of presentation) was maintained during the pandemic compared to before in 24 of 26 countries and even increased in Kenya and Mozambique. Despite exceptional circumstances, our findings are reassuring. Health systems, both in the Global North and the Global South, were generally able to maintain access to ART for different populations of people with HIV. Nevertheless, the negative impact of the pandemic on virological monitoring and people with HIV's mental health reminds us of the importance of remaining vigilant regarding clinical outcomes and the social and psychological challenges faced by people with HIV, which can significantly affect their ability to stay engaged in care, especially during challenging times.