ED Mathématiques et Informatique
Smoothing effect, controllability and anisotropy in fluid mechanics
by Adrien TENDANI (IMB - Institut de Mathématiques de Bordeaux)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - salle de conférence Université de Bordeaux 351, cours de la Libération - F 33 405 TALENCE
in front of the jury composed of
- Marius-Gheorghe PAICU - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Sylvain ERVEDOZA - Directeur de recherche - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Olivier GLASS - Professeur des universités - Université Paris-Dauphine - Rapporteur
- Herbert KOCH - Full professor - Universität Bonn - Rapporteur
- Véronique FISCHER - Reader - University of Bath - Examinateur
- HAJER BAHOURI - Directrice de recherche - Sorbonne Université - Examinateur
- Emmanuel TRÉLAT - Professeur des universités - Sorbonne Université - Examinateur
- Didier BRESCH - Directeur de recherche - Université Savoie Mont-Blanc - Examinateur
In this thesis, we are mainly interested in the dissipative properties of certain PDEs, particularly from fluid mechanics. The two major issues through which these properties are studied are: Cauchy's theory (regularizing effect, well-posed character, weak solution and weak-strong uniqueness) and the control theory (exact controllability of trajectories and characterization of achievable states). In this work, several models are studied: the Navier-Stokes-Korteweg system, which describes a compressible fluid with capillarity effects which inducing dispersion; the sub- Riemannian Navier-Stokes system on stratified Lie groups, where the system exhibits anisotropy properties linked to the sub-Riemannian structure; and the semi-linear heat equation, for which the achievable states are studied. The tools used are varied: Fourier analysis (on Euclidean space and Lie groups), Carleman inequalities, anisotropic para-differential calculation, quantification of nilpotent Lie groups and complex analysis.
ED Sciences Chimiques
FRACTIONATION AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATIONS OF AN ALKALINE LIGNIN FOR EMULSION STABILIZATION
by Maëva PELOILLE (Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques)
The defense will take place at 13h30 - Amphithéâtre IECB Institut Européen de Chimie et Biologie 2 Rue Robert Escarpit 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Stéphane GRELIER - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Florent ALLAIS - Professeur des universités - AgroParisTech - Rapporteur
- Isabelle ZIEGLER-DEVIN - Maître de conférences - Université de Lorraine - Rapporteur
- Henri CRAMAIL - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Maud SAVE - Directrice de recherche - Université de Pau - Examinateur
- Marie REULIER - Docteure - ITERG - Examinateur
The biomass is an abundant and renewable resource whose exploitation offers a key solution to the depletion of fossil resources and the increasing emission of greenhouse gases. The valorization of lignin, the major natural source of aromatic structures and a byproduct of the paper industry, represents a significant challenge, especially since its properties can be useful for stabilizing colloidal systems. In this research, a local alkali lignin was subjected to successive protocols aiming at modulating its amphiphilic properties. First, a two-step fractionation process using water and acetone enabled the solubilization of most of the lignin in water, across a wide pH range and at high concentrations. This solubilized lignin was then involved in chemical modifications that could be carried out in aqueous media. On one hand, optimized ozonolysis reactions resulted in the controlled cleavage of aromatic rings, leading to the formation of new carboxylic acid groups and enhanced the lignin hydrophilicity. On the other hand, carboxymethylation reactions introduced carboxylic acid functions without altering the lignin's aromatic backbone. These carboxylic acid-enriched lignins were then subjected to further surface property modification reactions. While esterifications with fatty alcohols were unsuccessful, methylation reactions effectively produced more hydrophobic lignins. The different lignins obtained were subsequently used to prepare oil-in-water emulsions, whose characterization revealed the various lignins stabilization mechanisms.
ED Droit
Access to medicines as a guarantee of the right to health: a comparative study of the Brazilian and French systems
by Aline DA ROCHA LEMOS (CENTRE D'ÉTUDES ET DE RECHERCHES COMPARATIVES SUR LES CONSTITUTIONS, LES LIBERTÉS ET L'ÉTAT)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle des actes 16 Av. Léon Duguit, bâtiment B3, 33600 Pessac
in front of the jury composed of
- Arnaud MARTIN - Maître de conférences - Cerccle - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Gabriel DIAS MARQUES DA CRUZ - Professeur - Faculdade de Direito - Universidade Federal da Bahia - Rapporteur
- Fanny JACQUELOT - Maître de conférences - Faculté de droit de l'Université Jean-Monnet - Rapporteur
- Alioune FALL - Professeur émérite - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
- Florence TABOULET - Professeur - Université Paul Sabatier de Toulouse - Examinateur
The thesis examines the relationship between access to medicines and the right to health, with a view to understanding how these two aspects interact in the health systems of Brazil and France. The main objective is to compare the modalities of access to medicines in the Brazilian and French healthcare systems, while analyzing the legal structure of the right to health in both countries. A comparative study was carried out to examine policies, regulations and practices relating to access to medicines in Brazil and France. This analysis highlights the similarities and differences between the two systems, as well as their impact on access to treatment for the respective populations. The Brazilian healthcare system is characterized by the Single Health System (SUS), a universal system that guarantees free access to healthcare, including essential medicines. However, the financing and distribution of these medicines present challenges, often exacerbated by regional inequalities and logistical problems. The French healthcare system is based on compulsory health insurance, which covers most healthcare costs, including medicines. France has a well-developed pharmacy network and a reimbursement policy that facilitates access to medicines. Despite different contexts and challenges, both Brazil and France are implementing strategies to guarantee access to medicines. Both systems have their strengths and weaknesses, but they are united in their goal of making healthcare accessible to all citizens.
Outer-space as a zone of conflict, challenges relating to the use of force and international humanitarian law
by Chloé DUFFORT (CENTRE DE RECHERCHES ET DE DOCUMENTATION EUROPÉENNES ET INTERNATIONALES)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Salle Manon Cormier Université de Bordeaux Faculté de droit Avenue Léon Duguit 33608 Pessac CEDEX
in front of the jury composed of
- Anne-Marie TOURNEPICHE - Professeur des universités - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Philippe LAGRANGE - Professeur des universités - Faculté de droit et de sciences sociales de Poitiers - Rapporteur
- Vincent CORREIA - Professeur des universités - McGill University - Rapporteur
- Juia GRIGNON - Professeure des universités - UNIVERSITE LAVAL - CoDirecteur de these
- Fannie LAFONTAINE - Professeur des universités - Université Laval - Examinateur
- Cassandra STEER - Docteure - Australian National University - Examinateur
The question of human access to and use of outer space is as fascinating as it is a threat to the fragile balance of peace and space security. At a time when technological breakthroughs are the promise of ever more spectacular sovereign industrial prowess and when society's dependence on critical space infrastructures is increasing, this thesis demonstrates the need to apply international law to contemporary space activities that threaten to breach international peace and security. However, the current legal framework was created for space activities in the 1960s, which are no longer comparable with those carried out by contemporary space actors. Moreover, the status of these actors, too, has changed. Access to and use of space, once reserved for a few space powers, is now within the reach of many private actors. These substantial changes necessarily have an impact on the effectiveness of the international legal framework in outer space, which encourages the emergence of ambiguous practices. As a result, the lack of adaptation of the texts of the corpus spatialis coupled with the little information available on the reality of international space missions, encourages the appearance of conflicts. The thesis will then propose as a first intention to change the paradigm and to evaluate space threats by defining their effects, in the absence of consensus on the object that supports them. Thus, any operation that is not threatening can be assimilated to responsible behavior. Nevertheless, this thesis follows a realistic method, based on the technique of legal sociology. In doing so, the legal developments proposed in it are verified in the light of objective facts, external to the law. Therefore, the possibility of an armed conflict related to outer space, since the legal framework in force does not seem sufficient to prevent it, could not be ignored here. In fact, as a second intention, the thesis proposes a prospective application of international humanitarian law to regulate IACs, even in space, based on the premise that international space armed conflict can be qualified when a hostile military operation is conducted thanks to the significant support of at least one space system. Nevertheless, in this regard, it should be emphasized that the dual use of goods in normal times is the principle in the space environment. It is not an occasional duality as emerges from the classic example of the bridge which, during an IAC, can change its status depending on the use made of it. This duality represents the challenge at the heart of this prospective work, as it runs counter to the implementation of the cardinal rule of distinction in IHL, from which all others derive, by virtue of an interpretation established by doctrine and the courts. However, the interpretation of IHL is not immutable. On the contrary, IHL is a law that evolves in the light of the methods and means of warfare subject to its framework. This is why the thesis proposes a new interpretation of IHL, which will consist, on the one hand, in establishing the fundamental rule of precaution in attack as a new cornerstone of this law and, on the other hand, in expanding the list of goods specially protected by IHL to include space systems of vital interest to the populations of international society. Thus, the obstructions made to the distinction in space cannot call into question the effectiveness of the last branch of international law, the effects of whose implementation are immediately visible with regard to the balance between the principles of military necessity and humanity in conflicts
ED Sociétés, Politique, Santé Publique
Knowledge graphs and explainable artificial intelligence: application to drug repositioning
by Martin DRANCÉ (Bordeaux Population Health Research Center)
The defense will take place at 14h00 - Amphithèatre Louis ISPED, 146 Rue Léo Saignat 33000 Bordeaux
in front of the jury composed of
- Gayo DIALLO - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Directeur de these
- Akka ZEMMARI - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - CoDirecteur de these
- Bouraoui ZIED - Professeur associé - Université d'Artois - Rapporteur
- Bringay SANDRA - Professeure - Université de Montpellier - Rapporteur
- Coulet ADRIEN - Professeur associé - Paris Santé Campus - Examinateur
- Antoine PARIENTE - Professeur - Université de Bordeaux - Examinateur
The repositioning of drugs involves finding new therapeutic uses for existing medications that are already approved to treat other conditions. This approach takes advantage of the existing knowledge about these molecules, enabling faster and less costly development compared to creating new drugs. Repositioning is particularly useful for addressing unmet medical needs, such as rare or emerging diseases. In recent years, the development of knowledge graphs has enabled the consolidation of all this biomedical information around drugs, sourced from large databases or knowledge repositories. A knowledge graph is a structured representation of information from different sources, linking these pieces of information together using relationships. This representation is especially useful for understanding the complex relationships that structure our knowledge about a drug. Nowadays, it is widely used for the task of drug repositioning. An effective way to reposition drugs using these graphs is to employ artificial intelligence (AI) methods that predict new links between objects in the graph. In this way, a well-trained model can suggest a new connection between a drug and a disease, indicating a potential opportunity for repositioning. However, this methodology has a significant disadvantage: link prediction models often provide opaque results that cannot be easily interpreted by the end user of these predictions. This thesis proposes to explore the use of explainable AI methods for the purpose of repositioning drugs based on biomedical data represented in knowledge graphs. First, we analyze the impact of pre-training on multihop reasoning models for link prediction. We demonstrate that building representations of the graph entities before model training improves predictive performance as well as the quantity and diversity of explanations. Second, we examine how the addition of relationships in a knowledge graph affects link prediction results. We show that adding links in three biomedical graphs improves the predictive performance of the SQUIRE model across different types of relationships related to drug repositioning. An analysis of the impact on model explainability is also conducted following the addition of these relationships. Finally, we propose a new methodology for the task of link classification in a knowledge graph, based on the use of random forests. Using information about the neighborhood of each node in the graph, we show that a random forest model can accurately predict the existence or absence of a link between two nodes. These results allow for a visualization of the nodes used to make the prediction. Lastly, we apply this method to drug repositioning for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).